Overview
CLA might help reduce body fat deposits and improve immune function. The average diet supplies 15-174 mg of CLA daily.
People commonly take CLA by mouth for weight loss. It is also often used for bodybuilding and fitness, but there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
Possibly Effective for
- High blood pressure. Taking CLA by mouth along with a drug called ramipril seems to reduce blood pressure more than ramipril alone in people with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
- Obesity. Taking CLA by mouth daily might help decrease body fat in adults and children. CLA might also reduce feelings of hunger, but it's not clear if this reduces food intake. CLA doesn't seem to decrease body weight or body mass index (BMI) in most people.
Possibly Ineffective for
- Common cold. Taking CLA by mouth does not prevent or reduce symptoms of the common cold.
- Diabetes. Taking CLA by mouth does not improve pre-meal or post-meal blood sugar or insulin levels in people with type 2 diabetes.
- High levels of cholesterol or other fats (lipids) in the blood (hyperlipidemia). Taking CLA by mouth or drinking milk containing CLA doesn't seem to improve levels of cholesterol or blood fats called triglycerides in people with mildly high cholesterol levels.
Side Effects
Special Precautions and Warnings
Children: CLA is likely safe when taken by mouth in amounts normally found in foods. CLA supplements are possibly safe for children when taken by mouth for up to 7 months. There isn't enough reliable information to know if long-term use of supplements is safe.
Bleeding disorders. CLA supplements might slow blood clotting. In theory, CLA might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.
Diabetes: There are concerns that taking CLA supplements can worsen diabetes. Avoid use.
Metabolic syndrome: There are concerns that taking CLA supplements might increase the risk of getting diabetes if you have metabolic syndrome. Use cautiously.
Surgery: CLA supplements might cause extra bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using it at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Interactions ?
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA)
CLA might lower blood pressure. Taking CLA along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA)
CLA might slow blood clotting. Taking CLA along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Ramipril (Altace) interacts with CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA)
Taking CLA along with ramipril seems to lower blood pressure more than taking ramipril alone. Taking CLA plus ramipril might cause your blood pressure to go too low. Monitor blood pressure closely.
Moderate Interaction
Be cautious with this combination
Dosing
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Cao, Z. P., Wang, F., Xiang, X. S., Cao, R., Zhang, W. B., and Gao, S. B. Intracerebroventricular administration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits food intake by decreasing gene expression of NPY and AgRP. Neurosci.Lett. 5-18-2007;418(3):217-221. View abstract.
Castaneda-Gutierrez, E., Benefield, B. C., de Veth, M. J., Santos, N. R., Gilbert, R. O., Butler, W. R., and Bauman, D. E. Evaluation of the mechanism of action of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on reproduction in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2007;90(9):4253-4264. View abstract.
Chajes, V., Lavillonniere, F., Ferrari, P., Jourdan, M. L., Pinault, M., Maillard, V., Sebedio, J. L., and Bougnoux, P. Conjugated linoleic acid content in breast adipose tissue is not associated with the relative risk of breast cancer in a population of French patients. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(7):672-673. View abstract.
Changhua, L., Jindong, Y., Defa, L., Lidan, Z., Shiyan, Q., and Jianjun, X. Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates the production and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Nutr 2005;135(2):239-244. View abstract.
Chao, P. M., Chen, W. H., Liao, C. H., and Shaw, H. M. Conjugated linoleic acid causes a marked increase in liver alpha-tocopherol and liver alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in C57BL/6 J mice. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 2010;80(1):65-73. View abstract.
Cherian, G., Traber, M. G., Goeger, M. P., and Leonard, S. W. Conjugated linoleic acid and fish oil in laying hen diets: effects on egg fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and tocopherols during storage. Poult.Sci 2007;86(5):953-958. View abstract.
Cho, H. J., Kim, W. K., Kim, E. J., Jung, K. C., Park, S., Lee, H. S., Tyner, A. L., and Park, J. H. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits cell proliferation and ErbB3 signaling in HT-29 human colon cell line. Am J Physiol Gastrointest.Liver Physiol 2003;284(6):G996-1005. View abstract.
Cho, H. J., Lee, H. S., Chung, C. K., Kang, Y. H., Ha, Y. L., Park, H. S., and Park, J. H. trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces insulin-like growth factor-II secretion in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. J Med Food 2003;6(3):193-199. View abstract.
Choi, J. S., Jung, M. H., Park, H. S., and Song, J. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on insulin resistance and mRNA levels of genes regulating energy metabolism in high-fat-fed rats. Nutrition 2004;20(11-12):1008-1017. View abstract.
Choi, J. S., Koh, I. U., Jung, M. H., and Song, J. Effects of three different conjugated linoleic acid preparations on insulin signalling, fat oxidation and mitochondrial function in rats fed a high-fat diet. Br.J Nutr 2007;98(2):264-275. View abstract.
Chung, S., Brown, J. M., Sandberg, M. B., and McIntosh, M. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases adipocyte lipolysis and alters lipid droplet-associated proteins: role of mTOR and ERK signaling. J Lipid Res 2005;46(5):885-895. View abstract.
Cimini, A., Cristiano, L., Colafarina, S., Benedetti, E., Di Loreto, S., Festuccia, C., Amicarelli, F., Canuto, R. A., and Ceru, M. P. PPARgamma-dependent effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the human glioblastoma cell line (ADF). Int J Cancer 12-20-2005;117(6):923-933. View abstract.
Colakoglu, S., Colakoglu, M., Taneli, F., Cetinoz, F., and Turkmen, M. Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levels. J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 2006;46(4):570-577. View abstract.
Corino, C., Pastorelli, G., Rosi, F., Bontempo, V., and Rossi, R. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in sows on performance and immunoglobulin concentration in piglets. J Anim Sci 2009;87(7):2299-2305. View abstract.
Cornish, S. M., Candow, D. G., Jantz, N. T., Chilibeck, P. D., Little, J. P., Forbes, S., Abeysekara, S., and Zello, G. A. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2009;19(1):79-96. View abstract.
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Cusack, S., Jewell, C., and Cashman, K. D. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the viability and metabolism of human osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2005;72(1):29-39. View abstract.
Darestani, A. T., Hosseinpanah, F., Tahbaz, F., Amiri, Z., Darestani, R. T., and Hedayati, M. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on body composition and leptin concentration in post-menopausal women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2010;12(1):84.
Dauchy, R. T., Dauchy, E. M., Davidson, L. K., Krause, J. A., Lynch, D. T., Tirrell, P. C., Tirrell, R. P., Sauer, L. A., Van der, Riet P., and Blask, D. E. Inhibition of fatty acid transport and proliferative activity in tissue-isolated human squamous cell cancer xenografts perfused in situ with melatonin or eicosapentaenoic or conjugated linoleic acids. Comp Med 2007;57(4):377-382. View abstract.
De La, Torre A., Debiton, E., Durand, D., Chardigny, J. M., Berdeaux, O., Loreau, O., Barthomeuf, C., Bauchart, D., and Gruffat, D. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and their conjugated derivatives inhibit growth of human cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 2005;25(6B):3943-3949. View abstract.
de Veth, M. J., Bauman, D. E., Koch, W., Mann, G. E., Pfeiffer, A. M., and Butler, W. R. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for improving reproduction: a multi-study analysis in early-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009;92(6):2662-2669. View abstract.
Desroches, S., Chouinard, P. Y., Galibois, I., Corneau, L., Delisle, J., Lamarche, B., Couture, P., and Bergeron, N. Lack of effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids naturally incorporated into butter on the lipid profile and body composition of overweight and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(2):309-319. View abstract.
Diaz, M. L., Watkins, B. A., Li, Y., Anderson, R. A., and Campbell, W. W. Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight women. J.Nutr.Biochem. 2008;19(1):61-68. View abstract.
Drury, B., Warford-Woolgar, L. J., Herchak, D. J., Bankovic-Calic, N., Crow, G., Taylor, C. G., Zahradka, P., Ogborn, M. R., and Aukema, H. M. Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces early glomerular enlargement and elevated renal cyclooxygenase-2 levels in young obese fa/fa zucker rats. J Nutr 2009;139(2):285-290. View abstract.
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Evans, N. P., Misyak, S. A., Schmelz, E. M., Guri, A. J., Hontecillas, R., and Bassaganya-Riera, J. Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates inflammation-induced colorectal cancer in mice through activation of PPARgamma. J Nutr 2010;140(3):515-521. View abstract.
Eyjolfson, V., Spriet, L. L., and Dyck, D. J. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):814-820. View abstract.
Fischer-Posovszky, P., Kukulus, V., Zulet, M. A., Debatin, K. M., and Wabitsch, M. Conjugated linoleic acids promote human fat cell apoptosis. Horm.Metab Res 2007;39(3):186-191. View abstract.
Gaullier, J. M., Halse, J., Hoivik, H. O., Hoye, K., Syvertsen, C., Nurminiemi, M., Hassfeld, C., Einerhand, A., O'Shea, M., and Gudmundsen, O. Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese. Br.J Nutr 2007;97(3):550-560. View abstract.
Gaullier, J. M., Halse, J., Hoye, K., Kristiansen, K., Fagertun, H., Vik, H., and Gudmundsen, O. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans. J Nutr 2005;135(4):778-784. View abstract.
Halade, G. V., Rahman, M. M., Williams, P. J., and Fernandes, G. Combination of conjugated linoleic acid with fish oil prevents age-associated bone marrow adiposity in C57Bl/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem. 7-23-2010; View abstract.
Hargrave, K. M., Meyer, B. J., Li, C., Azain, M. J., Baile, C. A., and Miner, J. L. Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic Acid and fat source on body fat and apoptosis in mice. Obes Res 2004;12(9):1435-1444. View abstract.
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Hernandez-Diaz, G., Alexander-Aguilera, A., Arzaba-Villalba, A., Soto-Rodriguez, I., and Garcia, H. S. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat, tumor necrosis factor alpha and resistin secretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;82(2-3):105-109. View abstract.
Herrera, J. A., Arevalo-Herrera, M., Shahabuddin, A. K., Ersheng, G., Herrera, S., Garcia, R. G., and Lopez-Jaramillo, P. Calcium and conjugated linoleic acid reduces pregnancy-induced hypertension and decreases intracellular calcium in lymphocytes. Am.J.Hypertens. 2006;19(4):381-387. View abstract.
Herrera, J. A., Shahabuddin, A. K., Ersheng, G., Wei, Y., Garcia, R. G., and Lopez-Jaramillo, P. Calcium plus linoleic acid therapy for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;91(3):221-227. View abstract.
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Houseknecht, K. L., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Moya-Camarena, S. Y., Portocarrero, C. P., Peck, L. W., Nickel, K. P., and Belury, M. A. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 3-27-1998;244(3):678-682. View abstract.
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Huebner, S. M., Campbell, J. P., Butz, D. E., Fulmer, T. G., Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A., and Cook, M. E. Individual isomers of conjugated linoleic acid reduce inflammation associated with established collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. J Nutr 2010;140(8):1454-1461. View abstract.
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Islam, M. A., Kim, Y. S., Jang, W. J., Lee, S. M., Kim, H. G., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. O., and Ha, Y. L. A mixture of trans, trans conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with reciprocal expression of Bax and Bcl-2. J Agric.Food Chem. 7-23-2008;56(14):5970-5976. View abstract.
Iwata, T., Kamegai, T., Yamauchi-Sato, Y., Ogawa, A., Kasai, M., Aoyama, T., and Kondo, K. Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteers. J Oleo.Sci 2007;56(10):517-525. View abstract.
Jaudszus, A., Krokowski, M., Mockel, P., Darcan, Y., Avagyan, A., Matricardi, P., Jahreis, G., and Hamelmann, E. Cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits allergic sensitization and airway inflammation via a PPARgamma-related mechanism in mice. J Nutr 2008;138(7):1336-1342. View abstract.
Jung, J. I., Cho, H. J., Kim, J., Kwon, D. Y., and Park, J. H. trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in TSU-Pr1 human bladder cancer cells. J Med Food 2010;13(1):13-19. View abstract.
Jung, M. Y. and Jung, M. O. Identification of conjugated linoleic acids in hydrogenated soybean oil by silver ion-impregnated HPLC and gas chromatography-ion impacted mass spectrometry of their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. J Agric.Food Chem 10-9-2002;50(21):6188-6193. View abstract.
Kamphuis, M. M., Lejeune, M. P., Saris, W. H., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27(7):840-847. View abstract.
Kang, J. H., Lee, G. S., Jeung, E. B., and Yang, M. P. Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid increases phagocytosis of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells in vitro. Br.J Nutr 2007;97(1):117-125. View abstract.
Kelley, D. S., Taylor, P. C., Rudolph, I. L., Benito, P., Nelson, G. J., Mackey, B. E., and Erickson, K. L. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did not alter immune status in young healthy women. Lipids 2000;35(10):1065-1071. View abstract.
Kelly, O. and Cashman, K. D. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in adult ovariectomised rats. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2004;71(5):295-301. View abstract.
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Kim, E. J., Holthuizen, P. E., Park, H. S., Ha, Y. L., Jung, K. C., and Park, J. H. Trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits Caco-2 colon cancer cell growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest.Liver Physiol 2002;283(2):G357-G367. View abstract.
Kim, E. J., Kang, I. J., Cho, H. J., Kim, W. K., Ha, Y. L., and Park, J. H. Conjugated linoleic acid downregulates insulin-like growth factor-I receptor levels in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. J Nutr 2003;133(8):2675-2681. View abstract.
Kim, H. K., Kim, S. R., Ahn, J. Y., Cho, I. J., Yoon, C. S., and Ha, T. Y. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces lipid peroxidation by increasing oxidative stability in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2005;51(1):8-15. View abstract.
Kim, J. H., Hubbard, N. E., Ziboh, V., and Erickson, K. L. Attenuation of breast tumor cell growth by conjugated linoleic acid via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. Biochim.Biophys Acta 10-1-2005;1736(3):244-250. View abstract.
Kim, J. H., Hubbard, N. E., Ziboh, V., and Erickson, K. L. Conjugated linoleic acid reduction of murine mammary tumor cell growth through 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Biochim.Biophys Acta 2-21-2005;1687(1-3):103-109. View abstract.
Kim, Y. S., Cerbo, R. M., Hah, C. K., Bahn, K. N., Kim, J. O., and Ha, Y. L. Growth inhibition of osteosarcoma cell MG-63 by a mixture of trans,trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers: possible mechanistic actions. J Food Sci 2008;73(1):T7-15. View abstract.
Kimoto, N., Hirose, M., Futakuchi, M., Iwata, T., Kasai, M., and Shirai, T. Site-dependent modulating effects of conjugated fatty acids from safflower oil in a rat two-stage carcinogenesis model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett. 7-10-2001;168(1):15-21. View abstract.
Kloss, R., Linscheid, J., Johnson, A., Lawson, B., Edwards, K., Linder, T., Stocker, K., Petitte, J., and Kern, M. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. Pharmacol.Res 2005;51(6):503-507. View abstract.
Konig, B., Spielmann, J., Haase, K., Brandsch, C., Kluge, H., Stangl, G. I., and Eder, K. Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPAR alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(2):355-363. View abstract.
Kreider, R. B., Ferreira, M. P., Greenwood, M., Wilson, M., and Almada, A. L. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength.Cond.Res 2002;16(3):325-334. View abstract.
Kuniyasu, H., Yoshida, K., Sasaki, T., Sasahira, T., Fujii, K., and Ohmori, H. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits peritoneal metastasis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2-1-2006;118(3):571-576. View abstract.
Lam, C. K., Chen, J., Cao, Y., Yang, L., Wong, Y. M., Yeung, S. Y., Yao, X., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z. Y. Conjugated and non-conjugated octadecaenoic acids affect differently intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Atherosclerosis 2008;198(1):85-93. View abstract.
Lambert, E. V., Goedecke, J. H., Bluett, K., Heggie, K., Claassen, A., Rae, D. E., West, S., Dugas, J., Dugas, L., Meltzeri, S., Charlton, K., and Mohede, I. Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals. Br.J Nutr 2007;97(5):1001-1011. View abstract.
Larsen, T. M., Toubro, S., and Astrup, A. Efficacy and safety of dietary supplements containing CLA for the treatment of obesity: evidence from animal and human studies. J Lipid Res 2003;44(12):2234-2241. View abstract.
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Lee, S. H., Yamaguchi, K., Kim, J. S., Eling, T. E., Safe, S., Park, Y., and Baek, S. J. Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates an anti-tumorigenic protein NAG-1 in an isomer specific manner. Carcinogenesis 2006;27(5):972-981. View abstract.
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Lin, Y., Schuurbiers, E., Van, der, V, and de Deckere, E. A. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers have differential effects on triglyceride secretion in Hep G2 cells. Biochim.Biophys Acta 8-29-2001;1533(1):38-46. View abstract.
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MacRedmond, R., Singhera, G., Attridge, S., Bahzad, M., Fava, C., Lai, Y., Hallstrand, T. S., and Dorscheid, D. R. Conjugated linoleic acid improves airway hyper-reactivity in overweight mild asthmatics. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2010;40(7):1071-1078. View abstract.
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Malpuech-Brugere, C., Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Mensink, R. P., Arnal, M. A., Morio, B., Brandolini, M., Saebo, A., Lassel, T. S., Chardigny, J. M., Sebedio, J. L., and Beaufrere, B. Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes Res 2004;12(4):591-598. View abstract.
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McCarty, M. F. Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Med Hypotheses 2000;55(3):187-188. View abstract.
McClelland, S., Cox, C., O'Connor, R., de Gaetano, M., McCarthy, C., Cryan, L., Fitzgerald, D., and Belton, O. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the migratory and inflammatory phenotype of the monocyte/macrophage cell. Atherosclerosis 2010;211(1):96-102. View abstract.
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Meadus, W. J., MacInnis, R., and Dugan, M. E. Prolonged dietary treatment with conjugated linoleic acid stimulates porcine muscle peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and glutamine-fructose aminotransferase gene expression in vivo. J Mol.Endocrinol. 2002;28(2):79-86. View abstract.
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Nagao, K., Inoue, N., Wang, Y. M., Hirata, J., Shimada, Y., Nagao, T., Matsui, T., and Yanagita, T. The 10trans,12cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the development of hypertension in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 6-20-2003;306(1):134-138. View abstract.
Nagao, K., Inoue, N., Wang, Y. M., Shirouchi, B., and Yanagita, T. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J.Nutr. 2005;135(1):9-13. View abstract.
Nakamura, Y. K. and Omaye, S. T. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers' roles in the regulation of PPAR-gamma and NF-kappaB DNA binding and subsequent expression of antioxidant enzymes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrition 2009;25(7-8):800-811. View abstract.
Naumann, E., Carpentier, Y. A., Saebo, A., Lassel, T. S., Chardigny, J. M., Sebedio, J. L., and Mensink, R. P. Cis-9, trans- 11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) do not affect the plasma lipoprotein profile in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. Atherosclerosis 2006;188(1):167-174. View abstract.
Navarro, V., Macarulla, M. T., Fernandez-Quintela, A., Rodriguez, V. M., Simon, E., and Portillo, M. P. Effects of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic hamsters. Eur J Nutr 2007;46(4):213-219. View abstract.
Nazare, J. A., de la Perriere, A. B., Bonnet, F., Desage, M., Peyrat, J., Maitrepierre, C., Louche-Pelissier, C., Bruzeau, J., Goudable, J., Lassel, T., Vidal, H., and Laville, M. Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched yoghurts: effects on energy metabolism and adipose tissue gene expression in healthy subjects. Br.J Nutr 2007;97(2):273-280. View abstract.
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Norris, L. E., Collene, A. L., Asp, M. L., Hsu, J. C., Liu, L. F., Richardson, J. R., Li, D., Bell, D., Osei, K., Jackson, R. D., and Belury, M. A. Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2009;90(3):468-476. View abstract.
Nugent, A. P., Roche, H. M., Noone, E. J., Long, A., Kelleher, D. K., and Gibney, M. J. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2005;59(6):742-750. View abstract.
Oh, Y. S., Lee, H. S., Cho, H. J., Lee, S. G., Jung, K. C., and Park, J. H. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis in TSU-Pr1 human bladder cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2003;23(6C):4765-4772. View abstract.
Oikawa, D., Nakanishi, T., Nakamura, Y., Takahashi, Y., Yamamoto, T., Shiba, N., Tobisa, M., Takagi, T., Iwamoto, H., Tachibana, T., and Furuse, M. Dietary CLA and DHA modify skin properties in mice. Lipids 2003;38(6):609-614. View abstract.
Ostrowska, E., Cross, R. F., Muralitharan, M., Bauman, D. E., and Dunshea, F. R. Effects of dietary fat and conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolite concentrations and metabolic responses to homeostatic signals in pigs. Br J Nutr 2002;88(6):625-634. View abstract.
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Paek, J., Kang, J. H., Kim, S. S., Son, K. A., Park, M. R., and Yang, M. P. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid directly enhances the chemotactic activity of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophillic leukocytes by activating F-actin polymerization in vitro. Res Vet.Sci 2010;89(2):191-195. View abstract.
Pal, S., Takechi, R., and Ho, S. S. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from human HepG2 liver cells. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43(3):269-274. View abstract.
Palombo, J. D., Ganguly, A., Bistrian, B. R., and Menard, M. P. The antiproliferative effects of biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on human colorectal and prostatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 3-28-2002;177(2):163-172. View abstract.
Pariza, M. W., Park, Y., and Cook, M. E. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res 2001;40(4):283-298. View abstract.
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Park, N. Y., Valacchi, G., and Lim, Y. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on early inflammatory responses during cutaneous wound healing. Mediators.Inflamm. 2010;2010 View abstract.
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Perez-Cano, F. J., Ramirez-Santana, C., Molero-Luis, M., Castell, M., Rivero, M., Castellote, C., and Franch, A. Mucosal IgA increase in rats by continuous CLA feeding during suckling and early infancy. J Lipid Res 2009;50(3):467-476. View abstract.
Perez-Matute, P., Marti, A., Martinez, J. A., Fernandez-Otero, M. P., Stanhope, K. L., Havel, P. J., and Moreno-Aliaga, M. J. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits glucose metabolism, leptin and adiponectin secretion in primary cultured rat adipocytes. Mol.Cell Endocrinol. 3-30-2007;268(1-2):50-58. View abstract.
Perseghin, G., Caumo, A., Caloni, M., Testolin, G., and Luzi, L. Incorporation of the fasting plasma FFA concentration into QUICKI improves its association with insulin sensitivity in nonobese individuals. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2001;86(10):4776-4781. View abstract.
Peterson, K. M., O'Shea, M., Stam, W., Mohede, I. C., Patrie, J. T., and Hayden, F. G. Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on experimental human rhinovirus infection and illness. Antivir.Ther 2009;14(1):33-43. View abstract.
Petridou, A., Mougios, V., and Sagredos, A. Supplementation with CLA: isomer incorporation into serum lipids and effect on body fat of women. Lipids 2003;38(8):805-811. View abstract.
Pinkoski, C., Chilibeck, P. D., Candow, D. G., Esliger, D., Ewaschuk, J. B., Facci, M., Farthing, J. P., and Zello, G. A. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(2):339-348. View abstract.
Platt, I., Rao, L. G., and El Sohemy, A. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on mineralized bone nodule formation from human osteoblast-like cells. Exp.Biol.Med (Maywood.) 2007;232(2):246-252. View abstract.
Politis, I., Dimopoulou, M., Voudouri, A., Noikokyris, P., and Feggeros, K. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in laying hens. Br Poult.Sci 2003;44(2):203-210. View abstract.
Purushotham, A., Shrode, G. E., Wendel, A. A., Liu, L. F., and Belury, M. A. Conjugated linoleic acid does not reduce body fat but decreases hepatic steatosis in adult Wistar rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18(10):676-684. View abstract.
Purushotham, A., Wendel, A. A., Liu, L. F., and Belury, M. A. Maintenance of adiponectin attenuates insulin resistance induced by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in mice. J Lipid Res 2007;48(2):444-452. View abstract.
Qin, H., Liu, Y., Lu, N., Li, Y., and Sun, C. H. cis-9,trans-11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Attenuation of Insulin Resistance in C(2)C(12) Myotubes. J Agric.Food Chem. 4-13-2009; View abstract.
Racine, N. M., Watras, A. C., Carrel, A. L., Allen, D. B., McVean, J. J., Clark, R. R., O'Brien, A. R., O'Shea, M., Scott, C. E., and Schoeller, D. A. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2010;91(5):1157-1164. View abstract.
Raff, M., Tholstrup, T., Basu, S., Nonboe, P., Sorensen, M. T., and Straarup, E. M. A diet rich in conjugated linoleic acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk markers in healthy young men. J Nutr 2008;138(3):509-514. View abstract.
Raff, M., Tholstrup, T., Sejrsen, K., Straarup, E. M., and Wiinberg, N. Diets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young men. J Nutr 2006;136(4):992-997. View abstract.
Raff, M., Tholstrup, T., Toubro, S., Bruun, J. M., Lund, P., Straarup, E. M., Christensen, R., Sandberg, M. B., and Mandrup, S. Conjugated linoleic acids reduce body fat in healthy postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2009;139(7):1347-1352. View abstract.
Rahman, M. M., Bhattacharya, A., Banu, J., and Fernandes, G. Conjugated linoleic acid protects against age-associated bone loss in C57BL/6 female mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18(7):467-474. View abstract.
Rahman, M., Halade, G. V., El Jamali, A., and Fernandes, G. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents age-associated skeletal muscle loss. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 6-12-2009;383(4):513-518. View abstract.
Rahman, S. M., Huda, M. N., Uddin, M. N., and Akhteruzzaman, S. Short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduces liver triglyceride concentration and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in OLETF rats. J Biochem.Mol.Biol 9-30-2002;35(5):494-497. View abstract.
Ramirez-Santana, C., Castellote, C., Castell, M., Molto-Puigmarti, C., Rivero, M., Perez-Cano, F. J., and Franch, A. Enhancement of antibody synthesis in rats by feeding cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid during early life. J Nutr Biochem. 8-4-2010; View abstract.
Ramirez-Santana, C., Castellote, C., Castell, M., Rivero, M., Rodriguez-Palmero, M., Franch, A., and Perez-Cano, F. J. Long-term feeding of the cis-9,trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid reinforces the specific immune response in rats. J Nutr 2009;139(1):76-81. View abstract.
Ramos, R., Mascarenhas, J., Duarte, P., Vicente, C., and Casteleiro, C. Conjugated linoleic acid-induced toxic hepatitis: first case report. Dig.Dis.Sci 2009;54(5):1141-1143. View abstract.
Rigano, L., Andolfatto, C., Bonfigli, A., and Rastrelli, F. CLA Glutathione and Sodium DNA for Reducing Hair Loss. Cosmetics & Toiletries 2007;122(10):71-80.
Ringseis, R., Gahler, S., and Eder, K. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced NF-kappaB transactivation and collagen formation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Nutr 2008;47(2):59-67. View abstract.
Ringseis, R., Muller, A., Dusterloh, K., Schleser, S., Eder, K., and Steinhart, H. Formation of conjugated linoleic acid metabolites in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochim.Biophys Acta 2006;1761(3):377-383. View abstract.
Riserus, U., Basu, S., Jovinge, S., Fredrikson, G. N., Arnlov, J., and Vessby, B. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 10-8-2002;106(15):1925-1929. View abstract.
Riserus, U., Berglund, L., and Vessby, B. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes.Relat Metab Disord 2001;25(8):1129-1135. View abstract.
Riserus, U., Vessby, B., Arnlov, J., and Basu, S. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(2):279-283. View abstract.
Roman, J. L., Gonzalvez, A. B. M., Luque, A., Iglesias, J. R., Hernandez, M., and Villegas, J. A. Physical activity and milk intake with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in healthy people with excess weight. Revista Espanola de Obesidad 2007;5(2):109-118.
Rossary, A., Arab, K., and Steghens, J. P. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate NOX 4 anion superoxide production in human fibroblasts. Biochem.J 8-15-2007;406(1):77-83. View abstract.
Roy, B. D., Bourgeois, J., Rodriguez, C., Payne, E., Young, K., Shaughnessy, S. G., and Tarnopolosky, M. A. Conjugated linoleic acid prevents growth attenuation induced by corticosteroid administration and increases bone mineral content in young rats. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33(6):1096-1104. View abstract.
Ruth, M. R., Taylor, C. G., Zahradka, P., and Field, C. J. Abnormal immune responses in fa/fa Zucker rats and effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acid. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2008;16(8):1770-1779. View abstract.
Ryder, J. W., Portocarrero, C. P., Song, X. M., Cui, L., Yu, M., Combatsiaris, T., Galuska, D., Bauman, D. E., Barbano, D. M., Charron, M. J., Zierath, J. R., and Houseknecht, K. L. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 2001;50(5):1149-1157. View abstract.
Sakono, M., Miyanaga, F., Kawahara, S., Yamauchi, K., Fukuda, N., Watanabe, K., Iwata, T., and Sugano, M. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reciprocally modifies ketogenesis and lipid secretion by the rat liver. Lipids 1999;34(9):997-1000. View abstract.
Santos-Zago, L. F., Botelho, A. P., and de Oliveira, A. C. Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats. Lipids 2007;42(9):845-854. View abstract.
Scatliff, C. E., Bankovic-Calic, N., Ogborn, M. R., and Aukema, H. M. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in advanced experimental polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Exp.Nephrol. 2008;110(2):e44-e48. View abstract.
Schoeller, D. A., Watras, A. C., and Whigham, L. D. A meta-analysis of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on fat-free mass in humans. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34(5):975-978. View abstract.
Shadman, Z., Rastmanesh, R., Hedayati, M., Taleban, F. A., Saadat, N., Tahbaz, F., and Mehrabi, Y. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on insulin sensitivity and diabetes markers in type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009;11(2):221.
Sher, J., Pronczuk, A., Hajri, T., and Hayes, K. C. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid lowers plasma cholesterol during cholesterol supplementation, but accentuates the atherogenic lipid profile during the acute phase response in hamsters. J Nutr 2003;133(2):456-460. View abstract.
Shultz, T. D., Chew, B. P., and Seaman, W. R. Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer Res 1992;12(6B):2143-2145. View abstract.
Shultz, T. D., Chew, B. P., Seaman, W. R., and Luedecke, L. O. Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and beta-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 4-15-1992;63(2):125-133. View abstract.
Sluijs, I., Plantinga, Y., de Roos, B., Mennen, L. I., and Bots, M. L. Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adults. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2010;91(1):175-183. View abstract.
Smit, L. A., Baylin, A., and Campos, H. Conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2010;92(1):34-40. View abstract.
Sneddon, A. A., Tsofliou, F., Fyfe, C. L., Matheson, I., Jackson, D. M., Horgan, G., Winzell, M. S., Wahle, K. W., Ahren, B., and Williams, L. M. Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2008;16(5):1019-1024. View abstract.
Sneddon, A. A., Wu, H. C., Farquharson, A., Grant, I., Arthur, J. R., Rotondo, D., Choe, S. N., and Wahle, K. W. Regulation of selenoprotein GPx4 expression and activity in human endothelial cells by fatty acids, cytokines and antioxidants. Atherosclerosis 2003;171(1):57-65. View abstract.
Sofi, F., Buccioni, A., Cesari, F., Gori, A. M., Minieri, S., Mannini, L., Casini, A., Gensini, G. F., Abbate, R., and Antongiovanni, M. Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(2):117-124. View abstract.
Song, H. J., Sneddon, A. A., Barker, P. A., Bestwick, C., Choe, S. N., McClinton, S., Grant, I., Rotondo, D., Heys, S. D., and Wahle, K. W. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and modulates protein kinase C isoforms in human prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2004;49(1):100-108. View abstract.
Song, H. J., Sneddon, A. A., Heys, S. D., and Wahle, K. W. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in human prostate cancer cells by the cis-9, trans-11 but not the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. Prostate 6-1-2006;66(8):839-846. View abstract.
Stachowska, E., Baskiewicz-Masiuk, M., Dziedziejko, V., Gutowska, I., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Marchlewicz, M., Dolegowska, B., Wiszniewska, B., Machalinski, B., and Chlubek, D. Conjugated linoleic acid increases intracellular ROS synthesis and oxygenation of arachidonic acid in macrophages. Nutrition 2008;24(2):187-199. View abstract.
Steck, S. E., Chalecki, A. M., Miller, P., Conway, J., Austin, G. L., Hardin, J. W., Albright, C. D., and Thuillier, P. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humans. J Nutr 2007;137(5):1188-1193. View abstract.
Steinhart, H., Rickert, R., and Winkler, K. Identification and analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA). Eur.J Med Res 8-20-2003;8(8):370-372. View abstract.
Storey, A., Rogers, J. S., McArdle, F., Jackson, M. J., and Rhodes, L. E. Conjugated linoleic acids modulate UVR-induced IL-8 and PGE2 in human skin cells: potential of CLA isomers in nutritional photoprotection. Carcinogenesis 2007;28(6):1329-1333. View abstract.
Stringer, D. M., Zahradka, P., Declercq, V. C., Ryz, N. R., Diakiw, R., Burr, L. L., Xie, X., and Taylor, C. G. Modulation of lipid droplet size and lipid droplet proteins by trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid parallels improvements in hepatic steatosis in obese, insulin-resistant rats. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2010;1801(12):1375-1385. View abstract.
Sugano, M., Tsujita, A., Yamasaki, M., Noguchi, M., and Yamada, K. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats. Lipids 1998;33(5):521-527. View abstract.
Syvertsen, C., Halse, J., Hoivik, H. O., Gaullier, J. M., Nurminiemi, M., Kristiansen, K., Einerhand, A., O'Shea, M., and Gudmundsen, O. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2007;31(7):1148-1154. View abstract.
Takahashi, Y., Kushiro, M., Shinohara, K., and Ide, T. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass and affects gene expression of proteins regulating energy metabolism in mice. Comp Biochem.Physiol B Biochem.Mol.Biol 2002;133(3):395-404. View abstract.
Tanmahasamut, P., Liu, J., Hendry, L. B., and Sidell, N. Conjugated linoleic acid blocks estrogen signaling in human breast cancer cells. J Nutr 2004;134(3):674-680. View abstract.
Tarnopolsky, M., Zimmer, A., Paikin, J., Safdar, A., Aboud, A., Pearce, E., Roy, B., and Doherty, T. Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS.One. 2007;2(10):e991. View abstract.
Taylor, J. S., Williams, S. R., Rhys, R., James, P., and Frenneaux, M. P. Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2006;26(2):307-312. View abstract.
Tholstrup, T., Raff, M., Straarup, E. M., Lund, P., Basu, S., and Bruun, J. M. An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2008;138(8):1445-1451. View abstract.
Thrush, A. B., Chabowski, A., Heigenhauser, G. J., McBride, B. W., Or-Rashid, M., and Dyck, D. J. Conjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humans. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2007;32(3):372-382. View abstract.
Tricon, S., Burdge, G. C., Kew, S., Banerjee, T., Russell, J. J., Grimble, R. F., Williams, C. M., Calder, P. C., and Yaqoob, P. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune cell function in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6):1626-1633. View abstract.
Tricon, S., Burdge, G. C., Kew, S., Banerjee, T., Russell, J. J., Jones, E. L., Grimble, R. F., Williams, C. M., Yaqoob, P., and Calder, P. C. Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(3):614-620. View abstract.
Truitt, A., McNeill, G., and Vanderhoek, J. Y. Antiplatelet effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 5-18-1999;1438(2):239-246. View abstract.
Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., Takahashi, M., Tanemura, K., Kim, H. J., Tange, T., Okuyama, H., Kasai, M., Ikemoto, S., and Ezaki, O. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes 2000;49(9):1534-1542. View abstract.
Tsuzuki, T. and Ikeda, I. Slow absorption of conjugated linoleic acid in rat intestines, and similar absorption rates of 9c,11t-conjugated linoleic acid and 10t,12c-conjugated linoleic acid. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2007;71(8):2034-2040. View abstract.
Turpeinen, A. M., Ylonen, N., von Willebrand, E., Basu, S., and Aro, A. Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(1):112-119. View abstract.
Valeille, K., Gripois, D., Blouquit, M. F., Souidi, M., Riottot, M., Bouthegourd, J. C., Serougne, C., and Martin, J. C. Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters. Br J Nutr 2004;91(2):191-199. View abstract.
Venkatramanan, S., Joseph, S. V., Chouinard, P. Y., Jacques, H., Farnworth, E. R., and Jones, P. J. Milk enriched with conjugated linoleic Acid fails to alter blood lipids or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individuals. J Am.Coll.Nutr 2010;29(2):152-159. View abstract.
Visonneau, S., Cesano, A., Tepper, S. A., Scimeca, J. A., Santoli, D., and Kritchevsky, D. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1997;17(2A):969-973. View abstract.
Voorrips, L. E., Brants, H. A., Kardinaal, A. F., Hiddink, G. J., van den Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(4):873-882. View abstract.
Wanders, A. J., Brouwer, I. A., Siebelink, E., and Katan, M. B. Effect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjects. PLoS.One. 2010;5(2):e9000. View abstract.
Wang, L. S., Huang, Y. W., Liu, S., Chang, H. L., Ye, W., Shu, S., Sugimoto, Y., Funk, J. A., Smeaks, D. D., Hill, L. N., and Lin, Y. C. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling in canine mammary cells. Anticancer Res 2006;26(2A):889-898. View abstract.
Wang, L. S., Huang, Y. W., Sugimoto, Y., Liu, S., Chang, H. L., Ye, W., Shu, S., and Lin, Y. C. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) up-regulates the estrogen-regulated cancer suppressor gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgama), in human breast cells. Anticancer Res 2006;26(1A):27-34. View abstract.
Watras, A. C., Buchholz, A. C., Close, R. N., Zhang, Z., and Schoeller, D. A. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2007;31(3):481-487. View abstract.
Weiler, H. A., Fitzpatrick, S., and Fitzpatrick-Wong, S. C. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in the cis-9, trans-11 isoform reduces parathyroid hormone in male, but not female, rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19(11):762-769. View abstract.
Wendel, A. A., Purushotham, A., Liu, L. F., and Belury, M. A. Conjugated linoleic acid fails to worsen insulin resistance but induces hepatic steatosis in the presence of leptin in ob/ob mice. J Lipid Res 2008;49(1):98-106. View abstract.
Whigham, L. D., Watras, A. C., and Schoeller, D. A. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2007;85(5):1203-1211. View abstract.
Xu, X., Storkson, J., Kim, S., Sugimoto, K., Park, Y., and Pariza, M. W. Short-term intake of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase and glucose metabolism but does not enhance lipolysis in mouse adipose tissue. J Nutr 2003;133(3):663-667. View abstract.
Yamasaki, M., Kishihara, K., Mansho, K., Ogino, Y., Kasai, M., Sugano, M., Tachibana, H., and Yamada, K. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases immunoglobulin productivity of Sprague-Dawley rat spleen lymphocytes. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2000;64(10):2159-2164. View abstract.
Yamasaki, M., Kitagawa, T., Chujo, H., Koyanagi, N., Nishida, E., Nakaya, M., Yoshimi, K., Maeda, H., Nou, S., Iwata, T., Ogita, K., Tachibana, H., and Yamada, K. Physiological difference between free and triglyceride-type conjugated linoleic acid on the immune function of C57BL/6N mice. J Agric.Food Chem 6-2-2004;52(11):3644-3648. View abstract.
Yamasaki, M., Mansho, K., Mishima, H., Kasai, M., Sugano, M., Tachibana, H., and Yamada, K. Dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid levels in white adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 1999;63(6):1104-1106. View abstract.
Yun, H. S., Do, S. H., Jeong, W. I., Yang, H. J., Yuan, D. W., Hong, I. H., Lee, H. R., Lee, I. S., Kim, Y. K., Choi, M. S., Kim, H. A., and Jeong, K. S. Cytotoxic effects of the conjugated linoleic acid isomers t10c12, c9t11-CLA and mixed form on rat hepatic stellate cells and CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19(3):175-183. View abstract.
Yurawecz, M. P., Roach, J. A., Sehat, N., Mossoba, M. M., Kramer, J. K., Fritsche, J., Steinhart, H., and Ku, Y. A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue. Lipids 1998;33(8):803-809. View abstract.
Zambell, K. L., Keim, N. L., Van Loan, M. D., Gale, B., Benito, P., Kelley, D. S., and Nelson, G. J. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids 2000;35(7):777-782. View abstract.
Zhai, J. J., Liu, Z. L., Li, J. M., Chen, J. P., Jiang, L., Wang, D. M., Yuan, J., Shen, J. G., Yang, D. P., and Chen, J. Q. Different mechanisms of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12- conjugated linoleic acid affecting lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21(11):1099-1105. View abstract.
Zhao, L., Yin, J., Li, D., Lai, C., Chen, X., and Ma, D. Conjugated linoleic acid can prevent tumor necrosis factor gene expression by inhibiting nuclear factor binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Arch Anim Nutr 2005;59(6):429-438. View abstract.
Zhao, W. S., Zhai, J. J., Wang, Y. H., Xie, P. S., Yin, X. J., Li, L. X., and Cheng, K. L. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation enhances antihypertensive effect of ramipril in Chinese patients with obesity-related hypertension. Am.J Hypertens. 2009;22(6):680-686. View abstract.
Zhou, X. R., Sun, C. H., Liu, J. R., and Zhao, D. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases PPAR gamma gene expression in adipose tissue of obese rat, and improves insulin resistance. Growth Horm.IGF.Res 2008;18(5):361-368. View abstract.
Aro A, Mannisto S, Salminen I, et al. Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 2000;38:151-7. View abstract.
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Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. 2003;133(1):257S-260S.View abstract.
Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2943-8. View abstract.
Carvalho RF, Uehara SK, Rosa G. Microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid associated with hypocaloric diet reduces body fat in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012;8:661-7. View abstract.
Cesano Al, Visonneau S, Scimeca JA, et al. Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1998;18:1429-34. View abstract.
Chang TY, Li BL, Chang CC, Urano Y. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009;297(1): E1-E9.View abstract.
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Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Jamali H, Mahdavi R, Kakaei F, Abedi R, Kabir-Mamdooh B. Conjugated linoleic acid improves glycemic response, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Croat Med J 2016;57(4):331-42. View abstract.
Elias SL, Innis SM. Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:807-814. View abstract.
Ens JG, Ma DW, Cole KS, et al. An assessment of c9,t11 linoleic acid intake in a small group of young Canadians. Nutr Res 2001;21:955-60.
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Jaudszus A, Mainz JG, Pittag S, et al. Effects of a dietary intervention with conjugated linoleic acid on immunological and metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with allergic asthma - a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:21. View abstract.
Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et, al. Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28(8):2127-35. View abstract.
Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Cochrane KC, et al. CLA supplementation and aerobic exercise lower blood triacylglycerol, but have no effect on peak oxygen uptake or cardiorespiratory fatigue thresholds. Lipids 2014;49(9):871-80. View abstract.
Jenkins NDM, Housh TJ, Miramonti AA, et al. Effects of rumenic acid rich conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on cognitive function and handgrip performance in older men and women. Exp Gerontol 2016;85:1-11. View abstract.
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Kelley DS, Simon VA, Taylor PC, et al. Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function. Lipids 2001;36:669-74. View abstract.
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Matin S, Nemati A, Ghobadi H, Alipanah-Moghadam R, Rezagholizadeh L. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:1449-1454. View abstract.
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Nortadas R, Barata J. Fulminant hepatitis during self-medication with conjugated linoleic acid. Ann Hepatol. 2012;11(2):265-7. View abstract.
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Pariza M, Park Y, Cook ME. Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci 1999;52:107-10. View abstract.
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