VITAMIN E: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Vitamin E is a vitamin that dissolves in fat. It is found in many foods including vegetable oils, cereals, meat, poultry, eggs, and fruits.

Vitamin E is an important vitamin required for the proper function of many organs in the body. It is also an antioxidant. Vitamin E that occurs naturally in foods (RRR-alpha-tocopherol) is different from man-made vitamin E that is in supplements (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

Vitamin E is used for treating vitamin E deficiency, which is rare, but can occur in people with certain genetic disorders and in very low-weight premature infants. Vitamin E is also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses.

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Effective for

An inherited condition that affects motor control (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency or AVED). Taking vitamin E by mouth is effective for treating vitamin E deficiency due to this genetic movement disorder.
Vitamin E deficiency. Taking vitamin E by mouth is effective for preventing and treating vitamin E deficiency.

Possibly Effective for

Alzheimer disease. Taking vitamin E supplements by mouth doesn't seem to prevent Alzheimer disease from developing. But in people who already have Alzheimer disease, taking vitamin E along with some anti-Alzheimer medicines might slow down memory loss.
A blood disorder that reduces levels of protein in the blood called hemoglobin (beta-thalassemia). Taking vitamin E by mouth seems to benefit children with this blood disorder.
Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Taking vitamin E by mouth for 2 days before bleeding and for 3 days after bleeding starts seems to decrease pain and reduce menstrual blood loss.
An inherited disorder that causes red blood cells to break down in response to stress (G6PD deficiency). Taking vitamin E by mouth, alone or together with selenium, might benefit people with this condition.
Bleeding within the skull (intracranial hemorrhage). Taking vitamin E by mouth seems to reduce the risk of bleeding in the skull in premature infants.
Bleeding into or around the fluid-filled areas (ventricles) of the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage). Giving vitamin E by mouth to premature infants can reduce the risk for bleeding into the brain. But giving high doses of vitamin E might increase the risk for a serious blood infection (sepsis) in these infants.
Reduced benefit of nitrate therapy that happens when nitrates are used all day (nitrate tolerance). Taking vitamin E by mouth daily can help prevent nitrate tolerance.
Swelling (inflammation) and build up of fat in the liver in people who drink little or no alcohol (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH). Taking vitamin E by mouth daily seems to improve inflammation and liver markers of this form of liver disease in adults and children.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Taking vitamin E by mouth seems to reduce anxiety, craving, and depression in some people with PMS.
A movement disorder often caused by antipsychotic drugs (tardive dyskinesia). Taking vitamin E by mouth seems to improve symptoms associated with this movement disorder.

Possibly Ineffective for

An eye disease that leads to vision loss in older adults (age-related macular degeneration or AMD). Taking vitamin E by mouth, alone or along with other antioxidants, isn't effective for preventing or treating age-related vision loss.
Lou Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS). Taking vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) by mouth along with conventional medication doesn't affect function or increase survival rates in people with ALS.
Chest pain (angina). Taking vitamin E by mouth might have some effect on the functioning of blood vessels, but it doesn't appear to reduce chest pain.
Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Taking vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol) by mouth doesn't appear to reduce the hardening of arteries in people with this condition.
Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Taking vitamin E by mouth, alone or along with selenium, doesn't improve symptoms of eczema.
Hot flashes in people treated for breast cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to reduce hot flashes in females who have had breast cancer.
A lung disease that affects newborns (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to reduce an infant's risk for developing this lung disease.
Cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to lower overall cancer risk.
Cataracts. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't prevent cataracts.
Nerve damage in the hands and feet caused by cancer drug treatment. Taking vitamin E before and after treatment with certain cancer drugs does not reduce the risk of nerve damage.
Colon cancer, rectal cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't reduce the risk for colon cancer or rectal cancer.
Heart failure and fluid build up in the body (congestive heart failure or CHF). Taking vitamin E by mouth for 12 weeks doesn't seem to improve heart function in people with CHF. It also doesn't decrease the chance of developing CHF.
Head and neck cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth daily doesn't seem to reduce the risk of head and neck cancer returning. In fact, it might actually increase the risk of the cancer returning. People with head and neck cancer should avoid daily vitamin E supplements in doses of more than 400 IU daily.
High blood pressure. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to lower blood pressure in people already taking blood pressure medications.
Infants with birth weight below the 10th percentile due to inadequate nutrition. Taking vitamin E by mouth throughout pregnancy doesn't lower the risk of having a baby with a low birth weight because of inadequate nutrition while in the womb.
Liver disease. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't reduce the risk of death in people with liver disease.
White patches inside the mouth that are usually caused by smoking (oral leukoplakia). Taking vitamin E by mouth for up to 7 years doesn't reduce the risk for mouth sores in males who smoke.
Osteoarthritis. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to decrease pain or stiffness in people with osteoarthritis. Vitamin E also doesn't seem to prevent osteoarthritis from becoming worse.
Pancreatic cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth, alone or together with other antioxidants such as beta-carotene and vitamin C, doesn't seem to reduce the risk for pancreatic cancer.
Parkinson disease. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to reduce or slow the worsening of Parkinson disease symptoms.
A type of throat cancer (pharyngeal cancer). Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to reduce the risk of mouth or pharyngeal cancer in people with diabetes.
A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and protein in the urine (pre-eclampsia). Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to reduce the risk of high blood pressure during pregnancy.
Preterm birth. Taking vitamin E by mouth during pregnancy doesn't lower the risk for preterm birth.
Prostate cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't reduce the risk for prostate cancer. It might actually increase the risk in some people.
Infection of the airways. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to help prevent respiratory tract infections. It also doesn't seem to lessen symptoms in people with a respiratory infection.
An inherited eye condition that causes poor night vision and loss of side vision (retinitis pigmentosa). Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to slow vision loss, and might actually increase vision loss in people with this condition.
Scarring. Applying vitamin E to the skin doesn't seem to reduce scarring after surgery.
Stillbirth. Taking vitamin E by mouth throughout pregnancy doesn't lower the risk of stillbirth.

Likely InEffective for

Breast cancer. Increasing vitamin E intake from the diet or taking vitamin E supplements by mouth doesn't reduce the risk for breast cancer.
Heart disease. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't prevent heart disease in healthy people or those at risk. It also doesn't seem to prevent stroke or heart attack in people with heart disease.
Death of an unborn or premature baby. Giving vitamin E by mouth to preterm infants doesn't seem to reduce the risk of death in the infant.
A type of benign (non-cancerous) breast disease (fibrocystic breast disease). Taking vitamin E by mouth for 2-3 months doesn't help treat fibrocystic breast disease.
Lung cancer. Taking vitamin E by mouth for up to 8 years doesn't reduce the risk of developing lung cancer in males who smoke.
Death from any cause. Taking vitamin E by mouth doesn't reduce the risk of death from any cause.
Growth and development in premature infants. Giving vitamin E by mouth doesn't seem to prevent or treat anemia in preterm infants.

There is interest in using vitamin E for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy: When used in the recommended daily amount, vitamin E is possibly safe during pregnancy. Do not take vitamin E supplements during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy without speaking with your healthcare provider. It might be harmful to the baby. Later in pregnancy, the maximum recommended amount of vitamin E is 800 mg in those 14-18 years of age and 1000 mg in those older than 18 years of age.

Breast-feeding: Vitamin E is likely safe when taken by mouth in recommended daily amounts. The maximum recommended amount of vitamin E while breast-feeding is 800 mg in those 14-18 years of age and 1000 mg in those older than 18 years of age. Vitamin E is possibly unsafe when taken in doses greater than the maximum recommended amount.

Children: Vitamin E is likely safe when taken by mouth appropriately. But children should avoid taking doses of vitamin E higher than the daily upper limits. These limits are 300 IU in children 1-3 years of age, 450 IU in children 4-8 years of age, 900 IU in children 9-13 years of age, and 1200 IU in children 14-18 years of age.

Bleeding disorders: Vitamin E might make bleeding disorders worse. If you have a bleeding disorder, avoid taking vitamin E supplements.

Heart disease: Vitamin E might increase the risk for death in people with a history of heart disease. People with a history of heart disease should avoid taking doses of vitamin E greater than 400 IU daily.

Diabetes: Vitamin E might increase the risk for heart failure in people with diabetes. People with diabetes should avoid taking doses of vitamin E greater than 400 IU daily.

Head and neck cancer: Vitamin E might increase the chance that this cancer will return. Do not take vitamin E supplements in doses greater than 400 IU daily.

Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis): Exercise is sometimes used by people with osteoporosis to improve bone strength. Exercising and taking high doses of vitamin E and vitamin C might lessen the benefits of exercise on bone strength.

Prostate cancer: Vitamin E might increase the chance of developing prostate cancer. The effect of vitamin E in people who currently have prostate cancer isn't clear, but it might worsen the condition.

An inherited eye condition that causes poor night vision and loss of side vision (retinitis pigmentosa): All-rac-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic vitamin E) 400 IU seems to speed vision loss in people with this condition. But much lower amounts (3 IU) don't seem to have this effect. If you have this condition, it is best to avoid vitamin E supplements.

Stroke: Vitamin E might increase the risk for death in some people with a history of stroke. People with a history of stroke should avoid taking doses of vitamin E greater than 400 IU daily.

Surgery: Vitamin E might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using vitamin E supplements at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Interactions ?

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with VITAMIN E
Taking large amounts of vitamin E along with cyclosporine might increase how much cyclosporine the body absorbs. This might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with VITAMIN E
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Vitamin E might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for cancer (Chemotherapy) interacts with VITAMIN E
Vitamin E is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking vitamin E.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with VITAMIN E
Vitamin E might slow blood clotting. Taking vitamin E along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Niacin interacts with VITAMIN E
Taking niacin along with the drug simvastatin can increase good cholesterol levels. Taking niacin plus simvastatin along with vitamin E and other antioxidants can decrease the effects of niacin and simvastatin on good cholesterol levels. It is unknown if vitamin E alone decreases the effects of niacin plus simvastatin on good cholesterol levels.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with VITAMIN E
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Vitamin E can also slow blood clotting. Taking vitamin E along with warfarin can increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.
Antibiotics for Cancer (Antitumor Antibiotics) interacts with VITAMIN E
Vitamin E is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking vitamin E.
Selumetinib (Koselugo) interacts with VITAMIN E
Selumetinib, a drug used for cancer, contains vitamin E. Taking selumetinib with vitamin E-containing supplements can result in an unsafe dose of vitamin E. This could increase the risk of bleeding.

View References

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Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Bianchi, S., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., Lorenzini, L., and . A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. III. Risk patterns by histologic type. Int.J.Cancer 5-30-1991;48(3):369-374. View abstract.

Buijsse, B., Feskens, E. J., Schlettwein-Gsell, D., Ferry, M., Kok, F. J., Kromhout, D., and de Groot, L. C. Plasma carotene and alpha-tocopherol in relation to 10-y all-cause and cause-specific mortality in European elderly: the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA). Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2005;82(4):879-886. View abstract.

Bussey, H. J., DeCosse, J. J., Deschner, E. E., Eyers, A. A., Lesser, M. L., Morson, B. C., Ritchie, S. M., Thomson, J. P., and Wadsworth, J. A randomized trial of ascorbic acid in polyposis coli. Cancer 10-1-1982;50(7):1434-1439. View abstract.

Butcher, G. P., Rhodes, J. M., Walker, R., Krasner, N., and Jackson, M. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. J Hepatol. 1993;19(1):105-109. View abstract.

Cahill, R. J., O'Sullivan, K. R., Mathias, P. M., Beattie, S., Hamilton, H., and O'Morain, C. Effects of vitamin antioxidant supplementation on cell kinetics of patients with adenomatous polyps. Gut 1993;34(7):963-967. View abstract.

Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Jacobs, E. J., Almon, M. L., Chao, A., McCullough, M. L., Feigelson, H. S., and Thun, M. J. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Cancer 5-1-2002;94(9):2490-2501. View abstract.

Canter, P. H., Wider, B., and Ernst, E. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2007;46(8):1223-1233. View abstract.

Capuron, L., Moranis, A., Combe, N., Cousson-Gelie, F., Fuchs, D., De Smedt-Peyrusse, V., Barberger-Gateau, P., and Laye, S. Vitamin E status and quality of life in the elderly: influence of inflammatory processes. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;102(10):1390-1394. View abstract.

Cascinu, S., Ligi, M., Del, Ferro E., Foglietti, G., Cioccolini, P., Staccioli, M. P., Carnevali, A., Luigi Rocchi, M. B., Alessandroni, P., Giordani, P., Catalano, V., Polizzi, V., Agostinelli, R., Muretto, P., and Catalano, G. Effects of calcium and vitamin supplementation on colon cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest 2000;18(5):411-416. View abstract.

Catalano, M., Born, G., and Peto, R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J.Intern.Med. 2007;261(3):276-284. View abstract.

Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Diehl, A. M., Brunt, E. M., Cusi, K., Charlton, M., and Sanyal, A. J. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 2012;107(6):811-826. View abstract.

Chan, J. C., Mahan, J. D., Trachtman, H., Scheinman, J., Flynn, J. T., Alon, U. S., Lande, M. B., Weiss, R. A., and Norkus, E. P. Vitamin E therapy in IgA nephropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pediatr.Nephrol. 2003;18(10):1015-1019. View abstract.

Chande, N., Laidlaw, M., Adams, P., and Marotta, P. Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) improves transaminases in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a randomized pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51(7):1183-1189. View abstract.

Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 11-7-1992;340(8828):1124-1127. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.

Chao, W. H., Askew, E. W., Roberts, D. E., Wood, S. M., and Perkins, J. B. Oxidative stress in humans during work at moderate altitude. J Nutr. 1999;129(11):2009-2012. View abstract.

Chen, H., Tucker, K. L., Graubard, B. I., Heineman, E. F., Markin, R. S., Potischman, N. A., Russell, R. M., Weisenburger, D. D., and Ward, M. H. Nutrient intakes and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and distal stomach. Nutr Cancer 2002;42(1):33-40. View abstract.

Cheng, K. K., Sharp, L., McKinney, P. A., Logan, R. F., Chilvers, C. E., Cook-Mozaffari, P., Ahmed, A., and Day, N. E. A case-control study of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in women: a preventable disease. Br J Cancer 2000;83(1):127-132. View abstract.

Chin, S. F., Ibahim, J., Makpol, S., Abdul Hamid, N. A., Abdul, Latiff A., Zakaria, Z., Mazlan, M., Mohd Yusof, Y. A., Abdul, Karim A., and Wan Ngah, W. Z. Tocotrienol Rich Fraction Supplementation Improved Lipid Profile and Oxidative Status in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutr.Metab (Lond) 6-24-2011;8(1):42. View abstract.

Chiswick, M. L., Johnson, M., Woodhall, C., Gowland, M., Davies, J., Toner, N., and Sims, D. G. Protective effect of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol) against intraventricular haemorrhage in premature babies. Br.Med.J.(Clin.Res.Ed) 7-9-1983;287(6385):81-84. View abstract.

Chiswick, M. L., Wynn, J., and Toner, N. Vitamin E and intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1982;393:109-120. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Chew, E. Y., and Buring, J. E. Vitamin E and age-related cataract in a randomized trial of women. Ophthalmology 2008;115(5):822-829. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Chew, E. Y., and Buring, J. E. Vitamin E and age-related macular degeneration in a randomized trial of women. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1163-1168. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Sesso, H. D., Kurth, T., MacFadyen, J., Bubes, V., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., and Gaziano, J. M. Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of vitamins E and C in men. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2010;128(11):1397-1405. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Liu, S., Glynn, R. J., Gaziano, J. M., and Buring, J. E. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of cataract in women: a prospective study. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2008;126(1):102-109. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Manson, J. E., Glynn, R. J., Gaziano, J. M., Chew, E. Y., Buring, J. E., and Hennekens, C. H. Beta carotene supplementation and age-related maculopathy in a randomized trial of US physicians. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2007;125(3):333-339. View abstract.

Ciliberto, H., Ciliberto, M., Briend, A., Ashorn, P., Bier, D., and Manary, M. Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 5-14-2005;330(7500):1109. View abstract.

Clarke, M. W., Burnett, J. R., and Croft, K. D. Vitamin E in human health and disease. Crit Rev.Clin.Lab Sci. 2008;45(5):417-450. View abstract.

Clarke, M. W., Ward, N. C., Wu, J. H., Hodgson, J. M., Puddey, I. B., and Croft, K. D. Supplementation with mixed tocopherols increases serum and blood cell gamma-tocopherol but does not alter biomarkers of platelet activation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2006;83(1):95-102. View abstract.

Clemens, M. R., Waladkhani, A. R., Bublitz, K., Ehninger, G., and Gey, K. F. Supplementation with antioxidants prior to bone marrow transplantation. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 10-17-1997;109(19):771-776. View abstract.

Clemons, T. E., Kurinij, N., and Sperduto, R. D. Associations of mortality with ocular disorders and an intervention of high-dose antioxidants and zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2004;122(5):716-726. View abstract.

Clifford, A. J., de Moura, F. F., Ho, C. C., Chuang, J. C., Follett, J., Fadel, J. G., and Novotny, J. A. A feasibility study quantifying in vivo human alpha-tocopherol metabolism. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(6):1430-1441. View abstract.

Colditz, G. A., Manson, J. E., and Hankinson, S. E. The Nurses' Health Study: 20-year contribution to the understanding of health among women. J.Womens Health 1997;6(1):49-62. View abstract.

Collins, E. G., Edwin, Langbein W., Orebaugh, C., Bammert, C., Hanson, K., Reda, D., Edwards, L. C., and Littooy, F. N. PoleStriding exercise and vitamin E for management of peripheral vascular disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(3):384-393. View abstract.

Conde-Agudelo, A., Romero, R., Kusanovic, J. P., and Hassan, S. S. Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet.Gynecol. 2011;204(6):503-512. View abstract.

Cook, N. R., Albert, C. M., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch.Intern.Med. 8-13-2007;167(15):1610-1618. View abstract.

Coombes, J. S. and Fassett, R. G. Antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. Kidney Int 2012;81(3):233-246. View abstract.

Cooper, K., Squires, H., Carroll, C., Papaioannou, D., Booth, A., Logan, R. F., Maguire, C., Hind, D., and Tappenden, P. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol.Assess. 2010;14(32):1-206. View abstract.

Cordero, Z., Drogan, D., Weikert, C., and Boeing, H. Vitamin E and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of epidemiologic and clinical trial studies. Crit Rev.Food Sci.Nutr. 2010;50(5):420-440. View abstract.

Cortes-Gonzalez, J. R. and Glina, S. [Conservative treatment of Peyronie's disease: colchicine vs. colchicine plus vitamin E]. Actas Urol.Esp. 2010;34(5):444-449. View abstract.

Cortes-Jofre, M., Rueda, J. R., Corsini-Munoz, G., Fonseca-Cortes, C., Caraballoso, M., and Bonfill, Cosp, X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;10:CD002141. View abstract.

Coulter, I. D., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Hilton, L. G., Tu, W., Valentine, D., and Shekelle, P. G. Antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin e for the prevention and treatment of cancer. J Gen.Intern Med 2006;21(7):735-744. View abstract.

Creagan ET, Moertel CG Schutt AJ Oconnell MJ. Vitamin-c (ascorbic-acid) therapy of pre-terminal cancer-patients. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1979;20:355.

Cruz, C. S., Wimberley, P. D., Johansen, K., and Friis-Hansen, B. The effect of vitamin E on erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in newborn premature infants. Acta Paediatr.Scand. 1983;72(6):823-826. View abstract.

Cuerda, C., Luengo, L. M., Valero, M. A., Vidal, A., Burgos, R., Calvo, F. L., and Martinez, C. [Antioxidants and diabetes mellitus: review of the evidence]. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26(1):68-78. View abstract.

Czernichow, S., Bertrais, S., Blacher, J., Galan, P., Briancon, S., Favier, A., Safar, M., and Hercberg, S. Effect of supplementation with antioxidants upon long-term risk of hypertension in the SU.VI.MAX study: association with plasma antioxidant levels. J Hypertens. 2005;23(11):2013-2018. View abstract.

Davey, P. J., Schulz, M., Gliksman, M., Dobson, M., Aristides, M., and Stephens, N. G. Cost-effectiveness of vitamin E therapy in the treatment of patients with angiographically proven coronary narrowing (CHAOS trial). Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Am.J.Cardiol. 8-15-1998;82(4):414-417. View abstract.

de la Maza, M. P., Petermann, M., Bunout, D., and Hirsch, S. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation in alcoholic cirrhotics. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14(2):192-196. View abstract.

de Valk, H. W., Hardus, P. L., van Rijn, H. J., and Erkelens, D. W. Plasma magnesium concentration and progression of retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1999;22(5):864-865. View abstract.

de Waart, F. G., Kok, F. J., Smilde, T. J., Hijmans, A., Wollersheim, H., and Stalenhoef, A. F. Effect of glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype on progression of atherosclerosis in lifelong male smokers. Atherosclerosis 2001;158(1):227-231. View abstract.

de Waart, F. G., Schouten, E. G., Stalenhoef, A. F., and Kok, F. J. Serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol and mortality risk in a prospective study among Dutch elderly. Int.J.Epidemiol. 2001;30(1):136-143. View abstract.

Debreceni, B. and Debreceni, L. Why do homocysteine-lowering B vitamin and antioxidant E vitamin supplementations appear to be ineffective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Cardiovasc.Ther. 2012;30(4):227-233. View abstract.

Delport, R., Ubbink, J. B., Human, J. A., Becker, P. J., Myburgh, D. P., and Vermaak, W. J. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary artery disease risk in South African males. Clin.Chim.Acta 1998;278(1):55-60. View abstract.

DeMaio, S. J., King, S. B., III, Lembo, N. J., Roubin, G. S., Hearn, J. A., Bhagavan, H. N., and Sgoutas, D. S. Vitamin E supplementation, plasma lipids and incidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). J Am.Coll.Nutr 1992;11(1):68-73. View abstract.

Desnuelle, C., Dib, M., Garrel, C., and Favier, A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS riluzole-tocopherol Study Group. Amyotroph.Lateral.Scler.Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2001;2(1):9-18. View abstract.

Devaraj, S., Tang, R., Adams-Huet, B., Harris, A., Seenivasan, T., de Lemos, J. A., and Jialal, I. Effect of high-dose alpha-tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(5):1392-1398. View abstract.

Devore, E. E., Grodstein, F., van Rooij, F. J., Hofman, A., Stampfer, M. J., Witteman, J. C., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia. Arch.Neurol. 2010;67(7):819-825. View abstract.

Di, Donato, I, Bianchi, S., and Federico, A. Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency: update of molecular diagnosis. Neurol.Sci. 2010;31(4):511-515. View abstract.

Diafouka, F. and Gbassi, G. K. Deficiency of alpha-tocopherol in seminal fluid as a probable factor in low fertility in Cote d'Ivoire. Afr.J.Reprod.Health 2009;13(3):123-125. View abstract.

Dimery, I. W., Hong, W. K., Lee, J. J., Guillory-Perez, C., Pham, F., Fritsche, H. A., Jr., and Lippman, S. M. Phase I trial of alpha-tocopherol effects on 13-cis-retinoic acid toxicity. Ann.Oncol. 1997;8(1):85-89. View abstract.

Donnan, P. T., Thomson, M., Fowkes, F. G., Prescott, R. J., and Housley, E. Diet as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in the general population: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1993;57(6):917-921. View abstract.

Dorevitch, A., Kalian, M., Shlafman, M., and Lerner, V. Treatment of long-term tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. Biol.Psychiatry 1-1-1997;41(1):114-116. View abstract.

Dorgan, J. F., Sowell, A., Swanson, C. A., Potischman, N., Miller, R., Schussler, N., and Stephenson, H. E., Jr. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998;9(1):89-97. View abstract.

Dror, D. K. and Allen, L. H. Interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C in pregnancy. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol. 2012;26 Suppl 1:55-74. View abstract.

Dufour, J. F., Oneta, C. M., Gonvers, J. J., Bihl, F., Cerny, A., Cereda, J. M., Zala, J. F., Helbling, B., Steuerwald, M., and Zimmermann, A. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid with vitamin e in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2006;4(12):1537-1543. View abstract.

Edwards, T. Inflammation, pain, and chronic disease: an integrative approach to treatment and prevention. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2005;11(6):20-27. View abstract.

Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. N.Engl.J.Med. 11-16-1989;321(20):1364-1371. View abstract.

Egan, M. F., Hyde, T. M., Albers, G. W., Elkashef, A., Alexander, R. C., Reeve, A., Blum, A., Saenz, R. E., and Wyatt, R. J. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. Am.J.Psychiatry 1992;149(6):773-777. View abstract.

Ehrenkranz, R. A., Ablow, R. C., and Warshaw, J. B. Effect of vitamin E on the development of oxygen-induced lung injury in neonates. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1982;393:452-466. View abstract.

Eichholzer, M., Stahelin, H. B., Gey, K. F., Ludin, E., and Bernasconi, F. Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. Int.J.Cancer 4-10-1996;66(2):145-150. View abstract.

Ekstrom, A. M., Serafini, M., Nyren, O., Hansson, L. E., Ye, W., and Wolk, A. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 7-1-2000;87(1):133-140. View abstract.

El-Sohemy, A., Baylin, A., Spiegelman, D., Ascherio, A., and Campos, H. Dietary and adipose tissue gamma-tocopherol and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2002;13(2):216-223. View abstract.

Elkashef, A. M., Ruskin, P. E., Bacher, N., and Barrett, D. Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Am.J.Psychiatry 1990;147(4):505-506. View abstract.

Engelhart, M. J., Geerlings, M. I., Ruitenberg, A., van Swieten, J. C., Hofman, A., Witteman, J. C., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 6-26-2002;287(24):3223-3229. View abstract.

Enstrom, J. E., Kanim, L. E., and Breslow, L. The relationship between vitamin C intake, general health practices, and mortality in Alameda County, California. Am.J Public Health 1986;76(9):1124-1130. View abstract.

Erasmus, R. T., Olukoga, A. O., Alanamu, R. A., Adewoye, H. O., and Bojuwoye, B. Plasma magnesium and retinopathy in black African diabetics. Trop.Geogr.Med 1989;41(3):234-237. View abstract.

Ersoz, G., Gunsar, F., Karasu, Z., Akay, S., Batur, Y., and Akarca, U. S. Management of fatty liver disease with vitamin E and C compared to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Turk.J.Gastroenterol. 2005;16(3):124-128. View abstract.

Esteve, J., Riboli, E., Pequignot, G., Terracini, B., Merletti, F., Crosignani, P., Ascunce, N., Zubiri, L., Blanchet, F., Raymond, L., Repetto, F., and Tuyns, A. J. Diet and cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx: the IARC multi-center study in southwestern Europe. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7(2):240-252. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Henshaw, K. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD000253. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Lawrenson, J. G. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD000253. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Lawrenson, J. G. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;11:CD000254. View abstract.

Evans, R. W., Shaten, B. J., Day, B. W., and Kuller, L. H. Prospective association between lipid soluble antioxidants and coronary heart disease in men. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am.J Epidemiol. 1-15-1998;147(2):180-186. View abstract.

Fahn, S. A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson's disease. Ann.Neurol. 1992;32 Suppl:S128-S132. View abstract.

Fairris, G. M., Perkins, P. J., Lloyd, B., Hinks, L., and Clayton, B. E. The effect on atopic dermatitis of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1989;69(4):359-362. View abstract.

Fang, J. C., Kinlay, S., Beltrame, J., Hikiti, H., Wainstein, M., Behrendt, D., Suh, J., Frei, B., Mudge, G. H., Selwyn, A. P., and Ganz, P. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 3-30-2002;359(9312):1108-1113. View abstract.

Farina, N., Isaac, M. G., Clark, A. R., Rusted, J., and Tabet, N. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;11:CD002854. View abstract.

Favero, A., Parpinel, M., and Franceschi, S. Diet and risk of breast cancer: major findings from an Italian case-control study. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1998;52(3):109-115. View abstract.

Feki, M., Souissi, M., Mokhtar, E., Hsairi, M., Kaabachi, N., Antebi, H., Alcindor, L. G., Mechmeche, R., and Mebazaa, A. Vitamin E and coronary heart disease in Tunisians. Clin.Chem. 2000;46(9):1401-1405. View abstract.

Ferlin MLS, Chuan LS Jorge SM Vannucchi H. Early anemia of prematurity. Nutrition Research 1998;18(1161):1173.

Ferreira, P. R., Fleck, J. F., Diehl, A., Barletta, D., Braga-Filho, A., Barletta, A., and Ilha, L. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in head and neck cancer radiation-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized trial. Head Neck 2004;26(4):313-321. View abstract.

Finer, N. N., Schindler, R. F., Grant, G., Hill, G. B., and Peters, K. Effect of intramuscular vitamin E on frequency and severity of retrolental fibroplasia. A controlled trial. Lancet 5-15-1982;1(8281):1087-1091. View abstract.

Fischer, A. F., Inguillo, D., Martin, D. M., Ochikubo, C. G., Vreman, H. J., and Stevenson, D. K. Carboxyhemoglobin concentration as an index of bilirubin production in neonates with birth weights less than 1,500 grams: a randomized double-blind comparison of supplemental oral vitamin E and placebo. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1987;6(5):748-751. View abstract.

Fleischauer, A. T., Olson, S. H., Mignone, L., Simonsen, N., Caputo, T. A., and Harlap, S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Nutr.Cancer 2001;40(2):92-98. View abstract.

Fletcher, A. E., Breeze, E., and Shetty, P. S. Antioxidant vitamins and mortality in older persons: findings from the nutrition add-on study to the Medical Research Council Trial of Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;78(5):999-1010. View abstract.

Franceschi, S., Bidoli, E., Negri, E., Zambon, P., Talamini, R., Ruol, A., Parpinel, M., Levi, F., Simonato, L., and La, Vecchia C. Role of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Int.J.Cancer 6-1-2000;86(5):626-631. View abstract.

Fulan, H., Changxing, J., Baina, W. Y., Wencui, Z., Chunqing, L., Fan, W., Dandan, L., Dianjun, S., Tong, W., Da, P., and Yashuang, Z. Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22(10):1383-1396. View abstract.

Fung, T. T., Spiegelman, D., Egan, K. M., Giovannucci, E., Hunter, D. J., and Willett, W. C. Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int.J.Cancer 1-1-2003;103(1):110-115. View abstract.

Gabbay, E., Zigmond, E., Pappo, O., Hemed, N., Rowe, M., Zabrecky, G., Cohen, R., and Ilan, Y. Antioxidant therapy for chronic hepatitis C after failure of interferon: results of phase II randomized, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol 10-28-2007;13(40):5317-5323. View abstract.

Gaby, A. R. Natural approaches to epilepsy. Altern.Med Rev. 2007;12(1):9-24. View abstract.

Galli, F., Battistoni, A., Gambari, R., Pompella, A., Bragonzi, A., Pilolli, F., Iuliano, L., Piroddi, M., Dechecchi, M. C., and Cabrini, G. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in cystic fibrosis. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2012;1822(5):690-713. View abstract.

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Gritz, D. C., Srinivasan, M., Smith, S. D., Kim, U., Lietman, T. M., Wilkins, J. H., Priyadharshini, B., John, R. K., Aravind, S., Prajna, N. V., Duraisami, Thulasiraj R., and Whitcher, J. P. The Antioxidants in Prevention of Cataracts Study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):847-851. View abstract.

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Gueguen, S., Pirollet, P., Leroy, P., Guilland, J. C., Arnaud, J., Paille, F., Siest, G., Visvikis, S., Hercberg, S., and Herbeth, B. Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2003;22(4):303-310. View abstract.

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Hercberg, S., Kesse-Guyot, E., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Touvier, M., Favier, A., Latino-Martel, P., Briancon, S., and Galan, P. Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Int.J.Cancer 10-15-2010;127(8):1875-1881. View abstract.

Hino, K., Murakami, Y., Nagai, A., Kitase, A., Hara, Y., Furutani, T., Ren, F., Yamaguchi, Y., Yutoku, K., Yamashita, S., Okuda, M., Okita, M., and Okita, K. Alpha-tocopherol [corrected] and ascorbic acid attenuates the ribavirin [corrected] induced decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte membrane in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(8):1269-1275. View abstract.

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Hittner, H. M., Godio, L. B., Rudolph, A. J., Adams, J. M., Garcia-Prats, J. A., Friedman, Z., Kautz, J. A., and Monaco, W. A. Retrolental fibroplasia: efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants. N.Engl.J.Med. 12-3-1981;305(23):1365-1371. View abstract.

Hittner, H. M., Speer, M. E., Rudolph, A. J., Blifeld, C., Chadda, P., Holbein, M. E., Godio, L. B., and Kretzer, F. L. Retrolental fibroplasia and vitamin E in the preterm infant--comparison of oral versus intramuscular:oral administration. Pediatrics 1984;73(2):238-249. View abstract.

Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., LaBree, L., Mahrer, P. R., Sevanian, A., Liu, C. R., Liu, C. H., Hwang, J., Selzer, R. H., and Azen, S. P. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 9-17-2002;106(12):1453-1459. View abstract.

Hofstad, B., Almendingen, K., Vatn, M., Andersen, S. N., Owen, R. W., Larsen, S., and Osnes, M. Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants. Digestion 1998;59(2):148-156. View abstract.

Hu, J., La, Vecchia C., Negri, E., Chatenoud, L., Bosetti, C., Jia, X., Liu, R., Huang, G., Bi, D., and Wang, C. Diet and brain cancer in adults: a case-control study in northeast China. Int.J.Cancer 3-31-1999;81(1):20-23. View abstract.

Huang, H. Y., Caballero, B., Chang, S., Alberg, A. J., Semba, R. D., Schneyer, C. R., Wilson, R. F., Cheng, T. Y., Vassy, J., Prokopowicz, G., Barnes, G. J., and Bass, E. B. The efficacy and safety of multivitamin and mineral supplement use to prevent cancer and chronic disease in adults: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference. Ann.Intern.Med. 9-5-2006;145(5):372-385. View abstract.

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Hunnisett, A., Davies, S., McLaren-Howard, J., Gravett, P., Finn, M., and Gueret-Wardle, D. Lipoperoxides as an index of free radical activity in bone marrow transplant recipients. Preliminary observations. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;47(1-3):125-132. View abstract.

Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., and Speizer, F. E. Diet and risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of women. Ann.Epidemiol. 1992;2(3):231-239. View abstract.

Ideo, G., Bellobuono, A., Tempini, S., Mondazzi, L., Airoldi, A., Benetti, G., Bissoli, F., Cestari, C., Colombo, E., Del, Poggio P., Fracassetti, O., Lazzaroni, S., Marelli, A., Paris, B., Prada, A., Rainer, E., and Roffi, L. Antioxidant drugs combined with alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon alone: a randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(11):1203-1207. View abstract.

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Ito, Y., Suzuki, K., Ishii, J., Hishida, H., Tamakoshi, A., Hamajima, N., and Aoki, K. A population-based follow-up study on mortality from cancer or cardiovascular disease and serum carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in Japanese inhabitants. Asian Pac.J.Cancer Prev. 2006;7(4):533-546. View abstract.

Jaakkola, K., Lahteenmaki, P., Laakso, J., Harju, E., Tykka, H., and Mahlberg, K. Treatment with antioxidant and other nutrients in combination with chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 1992;12(3):599-606. View abstract.

Jacobson, J. S., Begg, M. D., Wang, L. W., Wang, Q., Agarwal, M., Norkus, E., Singh, V. N., Young, T. L., Yang, D., and Santella, R. M. Effects of a 6-month vitamin intervention on DNA damage in heavy smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(12):1303-1311. View abstract.

Jansen, M. C., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Buzina, R., Fidanza, F., Menotti, A., Blackburn, H., Nissinen, A. M., Kok, F. J., and Kromhout, D. Dietary fiber and plant foods in relation to colorectal cancer mortality: the Seven Countries Study. Int.J.Cancer 4-12-1999;81(2):174-179. View abstract.

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Javanbakht, M. H., Keshavarz, S. A., Djalali, M., Siassi, F., Eshraghian, M. R., Firooz, A., Seirafi, H., Ehsani, A. H., Chamari, M., and Mirshafiey, A. Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2011;22(3):144-150. View abstract.

Jeanes, Y. M., Hall, W. L., Ellard, S., Lee, E., and Lodge, J. K. The absorption of vitamin E is influenced by the amount of fat in a meal and the food matrix. Br.J.Nutr. 2004;92(4):575-579. View abstract.

Jedrychowski, W., Steindorf, K., Popiela, T., Wahrendorf, J., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Kulig, J., and Penar, A. Risk of colorectal cancer from alcohol consumption at lower vitamin intakes. A hospital-based case-control study in Poland. Rev.Environ.Health 2001;16(3):213-222. View abstract.

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Johnson, L., Quinn, G. E., Abbasi, S., Otis, C., Goldstein, D., Sacks, L., Porat, R., Fong, E., Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., Peckham, G., and . Effect of sustained pharmacologic vitamin E levels on incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity: a controlled clinical trial. J.Pediatr. 1989;114(5):827-838. View abstract.

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Junker, D., Steigleider, P., and Gattaz, W. F. Alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharm 1992;15:639B.

Kabat, G. C., Ng, S. K., and Wynder, E. L. Tobacco, alcohol intake, and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4(2):123-132. View abstract.

Kamangar, F., Qiao, Y. L., Yu, B., Sun, X. D., Abnet, C. C., Fan, J. H., Mark, S. D., Zhao, P., Dawsey, S. M., and Taylor, P. R. Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(8):1562-1564. View abstract.

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Kardinaal, A. F., Kok, F. J., Ringstad, J., Gomez-Aracena, J., Mazaev, V. P., Kohlmeier, L., Martin, B. C., Aro, A., Kark, J. D., Delgado-Rodriguez, M., and . Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC Study. Lancet 12-4-1993;342(8884):1379-1384. View abstract.

Karlson, E. W., Shadick, N. A., Cook, N. R., Buring, J. E., and Lee, I. M. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: the Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 11-15-2008;59(11):1589-1595. View abstract.

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Kok, F. J., de Bruijn, A. M., Vermeeren, R., Hofman, A., van, Laar A., de, Bruin M., Hermus, R. J., and Valkenburg, H. A. Serum selenium, vitamin antioxidants, and cardiovascular mortality: a 9-year follow-up study in the Netherlands. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1987;45(2):462-468. View abstract.

Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., Hankin, J. H., Nomura, A. M., Wilkens, L. R., Pike, M. C., Stram, D. O., Monroe, K. R., Earle, M. E., and Nagamine, F. S. A multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: baseline characteristics. Am.J.Epidemiol. 2-15-2000;151(4):346-357. View abstract.

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Kostner, K., Hornykewycz, S., Yang, P., Neunteufl, T., Glogar, D., Weidinger, F., Maurer, G., and Huber, K. Is oxidative stress causally linked to unstable angina pectoris? A study in 100 CAD patients and matched controls. Cardiovasc.Res 1997;36(3):330-336. View abstract.

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Laurin, D., Masaki, K. H., Foley, D. J., White, L. R., and Launer, L. J. Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 5-15-2004;159(10):959-967. View abstract.

Lavine, J. E., Schwimmer, J. B., Van Natta, M. L., Molleston, J. P., Murray, K. F., Rosenthal, P., Abrams, S. H., Scheimann, A. O., Sanyal, A. J., Chalasani, N., Tonascia, J., Unalp, A., Clark, J. M., Brunt, E. M., Kleiner, D. E., Hoofnagle, J. H., and Robuck, P. R. Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. JAMA 4-27-2011;305(16):1659-1668. View abstract.

Law, M. R. and Morris, J. K. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52(8):549-556. View abstract.

Lazzeroni, M., Gandini, S., Puntoni, M., Bonanni, B., Gennari, A., and Decensi, A. The science behind vitamins and natural compounds for breast cancer prevention. Getting the most prevention out of it. Breast 2011;20 Suppl 3:S36-S41. View abstract.

Lee, C. T., Gayton, E. L., Beulens, J. W., Flanagan, D. W., and Adler, A. I. Micronutrients and diabetic retinopathy a systematic review. Ophthalmology 2010;117(1):71-78. View abstract.

Legha, S. S., Wang, Y. M., Mackay, B., Ewer, M., Hortobagyi, G. N., Benjamin, R. S., and Ali, M. K. Clinical and pharmacologic investigation of the effects of alpha-tocopherol on adriamycin cardiotoxicity. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1982;393:411-418. View abstract.

Lehtinen, M., Luostarinen, T., Youngman, L. D., Anttila, T., Dillner, J., Hakulinen, T., Koskela, P., Lenner, P., and Hallmans, G. Low levels of serum vitamins A and E in blood and subsequent risk for cervical cancer: interaction with HPV seropositivity. Nutr.Cancer 1999;34(2):229-234. View abstract.

Lenzhofer, R., Ganzinger, U., Rameis, H., and Moser, K. Acute cardiac toxicity in patients after doxorubicin treatment and the effect of combined tocopherol and nifedipine pretreatment. J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol. 1983;106(2):143-147. View abstract.

Levy, A. P., Gerstein, H. C., Miller-Lotan, R., Ratner, R., McQueen, M., Lonn, E., and Pogue, J. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular risk in diabetic individuals with different haptoglobin phenotypes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(11):2767. View abstract.

Li, B., Taylor, P. R., Li, J. Y., Dawsey, S. M., Wang, W., Tangrea, J. A., Liu, B. Q., Ershow, A. G., Zheng, S. F., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., and . Linxian nutrition intervention trials. Design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(6):577-585. View abstract.

Li, G., Li, L., Yu, C., and Chen, L. Effect of vitamins C and E supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis. Br.J Nutr 2011;106(11):1632-1637. View abstract.

Li, H., Li, H. Q., Wang, Y., Xu, H. X., Fan, W. T., Wang, M. L., Sun, P. H., and Xie, X. Y. An intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 2004;117(8):1155-1160. View abstract.

Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., Ershow, A. G., Guo, W., Liu, S. F., Yang, C. S., Shen, Q., and . Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 9-15-1993;85(18):1492-1498. View abstract.

Li, S. C., Liu, Y. H., Liu, J. F., Chang, W. H., Chen, C. M., and Chen, C. Y. Almond consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2011;60(4):474-479. View abstract.

Li, W., Zhu, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Ni, Z., Shen, Z., Yao, H., and Zhu, J. [The prevention of primary liver cancer by selenium in high risk populations]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 2000;34(6):336-338. View abstract.

Lichtenberg, D. [Who is likely to gain from high dose supplementation of vitamin E?]. Harefuah 2011;150(1):37-40, 68. View abstract.

Lin, J., Cook, N. R., Albert, C., Zaharris, E., Gaziano, J. M., Van, Denburgh M., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-7-2009;101(1):14-23. View abstract.

Lindor, K. D., Kowdley, K. V., Heathcote, E. J., Harrison, M. E., Jorgensen, R., Angulo, P., Lymp, J. F., Burgart, L., and Colin, P. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004;39(3):770-778. View abstract.

Liu, B. A., McGeer, A., McArthur, M. A., Simor, A. E., Aghdassi, E., Davis, L., and Allard, J. P. Effect of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on episodes of infection in nursing home residents: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2007;55(1):35-42. View abstract.

LIVINGSTONE, P. D. and JONES, C. Treatment of intermittent claudication with vitamin E. Lancet 9-20-1958;2(7047):602-604. View abstract.

Lloret, A., Badia, M. C., Mora, N. J., Pallardo, F. V., Alonso, M. D., and Vina, J. Vitamin E paradox in Alzheimer's disease: it does not prevent loss of cognition and may even be detrimental. J.Alzheimers.Dis. 2009;17(1):143-149. View abstract.

Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Hanioka, T., and Folkers, K. Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. Mol.Aspects Med 1994;15 Suppl:s231-s240. View abstract.

Lohr, J. B., Cadet, J. L., Lohr, M. A., Jeste, D. V., and Wyatt, R. J. Alpha-tocopherol in tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 4-18-1987;1(8538):913-914. View abstract.

London, R. S., Sundaram, G. S., Murphy, L., and Goldstein, P. J. Evaluation and treatment of breast symptoms in patients with the premenstrual syndrome. J.Reprod.Med. 1983;28(8):503-508. View abstract.

London, R. S., Sundaram, G., Manimekalai, S., Murphy, L., Reynolds, M., and Goldstein, P. The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. II. Endocrine correlates. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1984;3(4):351-356. View abstract.

Longnecker, M. P., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Knekt, P., Nomura, A. M., Schober, S. E., Stahelin, H. B., Wald, N. J., Gey, K. F., and Willett, W. C. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentration in relation to subsequent colorectal cancer: pooled data from five cohorts. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 3-18-1992;84(6):430-435. View abstract.

Look, M. P., Gerard, A., Rao, G. S., Sudhop, T., Fischer, H. P., Sauerbruch, T., and Spengler, U. Interferon/antioxidant combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C--a controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Res 1999;43(2):113-122. View abstract.

Lopez, I., Goudou, C., Ribrag, V., Sauvage, C., Hazebroucq, G., and Dreyfus, F. [Treatment of mucositis with vitamin E during administration of neutropenic antineoplastic agents]. Ann.Med.Interne (Paris) 1994;145(6):405-408. View abstract.

Magliano, D., McNeil, J., Branley, P., Shiel, L., Demos, L., Wolfe, R., Kotsopoulos, D., and McGrath, B. The Melbourne Atherosclerosis Vitamin E Trial (MAVET): a study of high dose vitamin E in smokers. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2006;13(3):341-347. View abstract.

Mahady, S. E., Wong, G., Craig, J. C., and George, J. Pioglitazone and vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a cost utility analysis. Hepatology 2012;56(6):2172-2179. View abstract.

Malila, N., Taylor, P. R., Virtanen, M. J., Korhonen, P., Huttunen, J. K., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(7):617-623. View abstract.

Malila, N., Virtamo, J., Virtanen, M., Pietinen, P., Albanes, D., and Teppo, L. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;56(7):615-621. View abstract.

Manders, M., de Groot, L. C., van Staveren, W. A., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Mulders, A. J., Schols, J. M., and Hoefnagels, W. H. Effectiveness of nutritional supplements on cognitive functioning in elderly persons: a systematic review. J Gerontol.A Biol.Sci Med Sci 2004;59(10):1041-1049. View abstract.

Mann, J. F., Lonn, E. M., Yi, Q., Gerstein, H. C., Hoogwerf, B. J., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G. R., and Yusuf, S. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: results of the HOPE study. Kidney Int. 2004;65(4):1375-1380. View abstract.

Manny, T., Pettus, J., Hemal, A., Marks, M., and Mirzazadeh, M. Penile sclerosing lipogranulomas and disfigurement from use of "1Super Extenze" among Laotian immigrants. J.Sex Med. 2011;8(12):3505-3510. View abstract.

Manuel, Y. Keenoy, Vinckx, M., Vertommen, J., Van, Gaal L., and De, Leeuw, I. Impact of Vitamin E supplementation on lipoprotein peroxidation and composition in Type 1 diabetic patients treated with Atorvastatin. Atherosclerosis 2004;175(2):369-376. View abstract.

Manzano, D., Aguirre, A., Gardeazabal, J., Eizaguirre, X., and Diaz Perez, J. L. Allergic contact dermatitis from tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) and retinol palmitate (vitamin A) in a moisturizing cream. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(5):324. View abstract.

Maraini, G., Williams, S. L., Sperduto, R. D., Ferris, F., Milton, R. C., Clemons, T. E., Rosmini, F., and Ferrigno, L. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3. Ophthalmology 2008;115(4):599-607. View abstract.

Marchioli, R. Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of cardiovascular disease: laboratory, epidemiological and clinical trial data. Pharmacol.Res 1999;40(3):227-238. View abstract.

Marik, P. E. and Flemmer, M. Do dietary supplements have beneficial health effects in industrialized nations: what is the evidence? JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(2):159-168. View abstract.

Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., Guo, W., Dawsey, S. M., Li, B., and Blot, W. J. Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-1996;143(7):658-664. View abstract.

Marniemi, J., Jarvisalo, J., Toikka, T., Raiha, I., Ahotupa, M., and Sourander, L. Blood vitamins, mineral elements and inflammation markers as risk factors of vascular and non-vascular disease mortality in an elderly population. Int.J.Epidemiol. 1998;27(5):799-807. View abstract.

Marras, C., Lang, A. E., Oakes, D., McDermott, M. P., Kieburtz, K., Shoulson, I., Tanner, C. M., and Fahn, S. High-dosage vitamin E supplementation and all-cause mortality. Ann.Intern.Med. 7-19-2005;143(2):152-153. View abstract.

Marras, C., McDermott, M. P., Rochon, P. A., Tanner, C. M., Naglie, G., Rudolph, A., and Lang, A. E. Survival in Parkinson disease: thirteen-year follow-up of the DATATOP cohort. Neurology 1-11-2005;64(1):87-93. View abstract.

Martin-Jimenez, M., Diaz-Rubio, E., Gonzalez Larriba, J. L., and Sangro, B. Failure of high-dose tocopherol to prevent alopecia induced by doxorubicin. N.Engl.J.Med. 10-2-1986;315(14):894-895. View abstract.

Martinoli, L., Di, Felice M., Seghieri, G., Ciuti, M., De Giorgio, L. A., Fazzini, A., Gori, R., Anichini, R., and Franconi, F. Plasma retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: their relationship to microvascular complications. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1993;63(2):87-92. View abstract.

Mas, E., Dupuy, A. M., Artero, S., Portet, F., Cristol, J. P., Ritchie, K., and Touchon, J. Functional Vitamin E deficiency in ApoE4 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement.Geriatr.Cogn Disord. 2006;21(3):198-204. View abstract.

Mathew, M. C., Ervin, A. M., Tao, J., and Davis, R. M. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD004567. View abstract.

Maxwell, C. J., Hicks, M. S., Hogan, D. B., Basran, J., and Ebly, E. M. Supplemental use of antioxidant vitamins and subsequent risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Dement.Geriatr.Cogn Disord. 2005;20(1):45-51. View abstract.

Mayer-Davis, E. J., Bell, R. A., Reboussin, B. A., Rushing, J., Marshall, J. A., and Hamman, R. F. Antioxidant nutrient intake and diabetic retinopathy: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Ophthalmology 1998;105(12):2264-2270. View abstract.

McCance, D. R., Holmes, V. A., Maresh, M. J., Patterson, C. C., Walker, J. D., Pearson, D. W., and Young, I. S. Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-24-2010;376(9737):259-266. View abstract.

McGinness, J. E., Grossie, B., Jr., Proctor, P. H., Benjamin, R. S., Gulati, O. P., and Hokanson, J. A. Effect of dose schedule of vitamin E and hydroxethylruticide on intestinal toxicity induced by adriamycin. Physiol Chem.Phys.Med.NMR 1986;18(1):17-24. View abstract.

McNeil, J. J., Robman, L., Tikellis, G., Sinclair, M. I., McCarty, C. A., and Taylor, H. R. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2004;111(1):75-84. View abstract.

Melhorn, D. K. and Gross, S. Vitamin E-dependent anemia in the premature infant. II. Relationships between gestational age and absorption of vitamin E. J.Pediatr. 1971;79(4):581-588. View abstract.

Menkes, M. S., Comstock, G. W., Vuilleumier, J. P., Helsing, K. J., Rider, A. A., and Brookmeyer, R. Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. N.Engl.J.Med. 11-13-1986;315(20):1250-1254. View abstract.

Meraji, S., Abuja, P. M., Hayn, M., Kostner, G. M., Morris, R., Oraii, S., Tatzber, F., Wonisch, W., Zechner, R., and Gey, K. F. Relationship between classic risk factors, plasma antioxidants and indicators of oxidant stress in angina pectoris (AP) in Tehran. Atherosclerosis 2000;150(2):403-412. View abstract.

Merat, S., Malekzadeh, R., Sohrabi, M. R., Sotoudeh, M., Rakhshani, N., Sohrabpour, A. A., and Naserimoghadam, S. Probucol in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled study. J.Hepatol. 2003;38(4):414-418. View abstract.

Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., and Hamer, D. H. Vitamin E and respiratory infection in the elderly. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2004;1031:214-222. View abstract.

Mezey, E., Potter, J. J., Rennie-Tankersley, L., Caballeria, J., and Pares, A. A randomized placebo controlled trial of vitamin E for alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2004;40(1):40-46. View abstract.

Mezzetti, M., La, Vecchia C., Decarli, A., Boyle, P., Talamini, R., and Franceschi, S. Population attributable risk for breast cancer: diet, nutrition, and physical exercise. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 3-4-1998;90(5):389-394. View abstract.

Millen, A. E., Gruber, M., Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Palta, M., and Mares, J. A. Relations of serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol to diabetic retinopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am.J Epidemiol. 8-1-2003;158(3):225-233. View abstract.

Millen, A. E., Klein, R., Folsom, A. R., Stevens, J., Palta, M., and Mares, J. A. Relation between intake of vitamins C and E and risk of diabetic retinopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2004;79(5):865-873. View abstract.

Milman, U., Blum, S., Shapira, C., Aronson, D., Miller-Lotan, R., Anbinder, Y., Alshiek, J., Bennett, L., Kostenko, M., Landau, M., Keidar, S., Levy, Y., Khemlin, A., Radan, A., and Levy, A. P. Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle-aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype: a prospective double-blinded clinical trial. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2008;28(2):341-347. View abstract.

Misirlioglu, C. H., Demirkasimoglu, T., Kucukplakci, B., Sanri, E., and Altundag, K. Pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol in prevention of radiation-induced lung toxicity in patients with lung cancer. Med.Oncol. 2007;24(3):308-311. View abstract.

Mitchinson, M. J., Stephens, N. G., Parsons, A., Bligh, E., Schofield, P. M., and Brown, M. J. Mortality in the CHAOS trial. Lancet 1-30-1999;353(9150):381-382. View abstract.

Miyake, Y., Fukushima, W., Tanaka, K., Sasaki, S., Kiyohara, C., Tsuboi, Y., Yamada, T., Oeda, T., Miki, T., Kawamura, N., Sakae, N., Fukuyama, H., Hirota, Y., and Nagai, M. Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan. Eur.J.Neurol. 2011;18(1):106-113. View abstract.

Montano Velazquez, B. B., Jauregui-Renaud, K., Banuelos Arias, Adel C., Ayala, J. C., Martinez, M. D., Campillo, Navarrete R., Rosalia, I. S., Salazar, Mdel R., Serrano, H. A., Mondragon, A. O., and Perez, R. L. Vitamin E effects on nasal symptoms and serum specific IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(1):45-50. View abstract.

Mooney, L. A., Madsen, A. M., Tang, D., Orjuela, M. A., Tsai, W. Y., Garduno, E. R., and Perera, F. P. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation reduces benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts and potential cancer risk in female smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(1):237-242. View abstract.

Moorman, P. G., Ricciuti, M. F., Millikan, R. C., and Newman, B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population. Public Health Nutr 2001;4(3):821-827. View abstract.

Morris, C. R. and Agin, M. C. Syndrome of allergy, apraxia, and malabsorption: characterization of a neurodevelopmental phenotype that responds to omega 3 and vitamin E supplementation. Altern.Ther Health Med. 2009;15(4):34-43. View abstract.

Morris, D. L., Kritchevsky, S. B., and Davis, C. E. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. JAMA 11-9-1994;272(18):1439-1441. View abstract.

Morris, M. C. Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 2012;71(1):1-13. View abstract.

Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Tangney, C. C., Bennett, D. A., Aggarwal, N., Wilson, R. S., and Scherr, P. A. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 6-26-2002;287(24):3230-3237. View abstract.

Morrissey, P. A. and Sheehy, P. J. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 1999;58(2):459-468. View abstract.

Mortality in DATATOP: a multicenter trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group. Ann.Neurol. 1998;43(3):318-325. View abstract.

Moyad, M. A. Conventional and alternative medical advice for cold and flu prevention: what should be recommended and what should be avoided? Urol.Nurs. 2009;29(6):455-458. View abstract.

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):7-22. View abstract.

Munoz, N., Wahrendorf, J., Bang, L. J., Crespi, M., Thurnham, D. I., Day, N. E., Ji, Z. H., Grassi, A., Yan, L. W., Lin, L. G., and . No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus. Randomised double-blind intervention study in high-risk population of China. Lancet 7-20-1985;2(8447):111-114. View abstract.

Muntwyler, J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., and Gaziano, J. M. Vitamin supplement use in a low-risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality. Arch.Intern.Med. 7-8-2002;162(13):1472-1476. View abstract.

Murakami, Y., Nagai, A., Kawakami, T., Hino, K., Kitase, A., Hara, Y., Okuda, M., Okita, K., and Okita, M. Vitamin E and C supplementation prevents decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in mononuclear cells in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. Nutrition 2006;22(2):114-122. View abstract.

Musso, G., Cassader, M., Rosina, F., and Gambino, R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Diabetologia 2012;55(4):885-904. View abstract.

Myung, S. K., Ju, W., Cho, B., Oh, S. W., Park, S. M., Koo, B. K., and Park, B. J. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;346:f10. View abstract.

Myung, S. K., Ju, W., Kim, S. C., and Kim, H. Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta-analysis. BJOG. 2011;118(11):1285-1291. View abstract.

Nakayama, A., Alladin, K. P., Igbokwe, O., and White, J. D. Systematic review: generating evidence-based guidelines on the concurrent use of dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Cancer Invest 2011;29(10):655-667. View abstract.

Negri, E., La, Vecchia C., Franceschi, S., D'Avanzo, B., Talamini, R., Parpinel, M., Ferraroni, M., Filiberti, R., Montella, M., Falcini, F., Conti, E., and Decarli, A. Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1-17-1996;65(2):140-144. View abstract.

Neupane, B., Walter, S. D., Krueger, P., Marrie, T., and Loeb, M. Predictors of inhospital mortality and re-hospitalization in older adults with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. BMC.Geriatr. 2010;10:22. View abstract.

Nguyen, T. T., Cox, C. S., Traber, D. L., Gasser, H., Redl, H., Schlag, G., and Herndon, D. N. Free radical activity and loss of plasma antioxidants, vitamin E, and sulfhydryl groups in patients with burns: the 1993 Moyer Award. J.Burn Care Rehabil. 1993;14(6):602-609. View abstract.

No author. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):23-33. View abstract.

No author. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. Ann.Epidemiol. 1994;4(1):1-10. View abstract.

Nobili, V., Manco, M., Devito, R., Ciampalini, P., Piemonte, F., and Marcellini, M. Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2006;24(11-12):1553-1561. View abstract.

Nobili, V., Manco, M., Devito, R., Di, Ciommo, V, Comparcola, D., Sartorelli, M. R., Piemonte, F., Marcellini, M., and Angulo, P. Lifestyle intervention and antioxidant therapy in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2008;48(1):119-128. View abstract.

Nojiri, S., Daida, H., Mokuno, H., Iwama, Y., Mae, K., Ushio, F., and Ueki, T. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn.Heart J. 2001;42(6):677-690. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Stemmermann, G. N., Heilbrun, L. K., Salkeld, R. M., and Vuilleumier, J. P. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res. 1985;45(5):2369-2372. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Stemmermann, G. N., Lee, J., and Craft, N. E. Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(7):487-491. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Ziegler, R. G., Stemmermann, G. N., Chyou, P. H., and Craft, N. E. Serum micronutrients and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(6):407-412. View abstract.

Nouraie, M., Pietinen, P., Kamangar, F., Dawsey, S. M., Abnet, C. C., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J., and Taylor, P. R. Fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of gastric cancer among male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2087-2092. View abstract.

Nussenblatt, R. B., Kim, J., Thompson, D. J., Davis, M. D., Chew, E., Ferris, F. L., and Buggage, R. Vitamin E in the treatment of uveitis-associated macular edema. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2006;141(1):193-194. View abstract.

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Prince, M. I., Mitchison, H. C., Ashley, D., Burke, D. A., Edwards, N., Bramble, M. G., James, O. F., and Jones, D. E. Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2003;17(1):137-143. View abstract.

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Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., and Stampfer, M. J. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet 8-24-1991;338(8765):464-468. View abstract.

Rivas-Echeverria CA, Echeverria Y Molina L Novoa D. Synergic use of aspirin, fish oil and vitamins C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2000;19(Suppl 1):30.

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Roberts, J. M., Myatt, L., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E. A., Hauth, J. C., Leveno, K. J., Pearson, G. D., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Thorp, J. M., Jr., Mercer, B. M., Peaceman, A. M., Ramin, S. M., Carpenter, M. W., Samuels, P., Sciscione, A., Harper, M., Smith, W. J., Saade, G., Sorokin, Y., and Anderson, G. B. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. N.Engl.J Med 4-8-2010;362(14):1282-1291. View abstract.

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Ruiz, Rejon F., Martin-Pena, G., Granado, F., Ruiz-Galiana, J., Blanco, I., and Olmedilla, B. Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: case control and follow-up study. Nutrition 2002;18(1):26-31. View abstract.

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Sacco, M., Pellegrini, F., Roncaglioni, M. C., Avanzini, F., Tognoni, G., and Nicolucci, A. Primary prevention of cardiovascular events with low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in type 2 diabetic patients: results of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP) trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26(12):3264-3272. View abstract.

Saeian, K., Bajaj, J. S., Franco, J., Knox, J. F., Daniel, J., Peine, C., McKee, D., Varma, R. R., and Ho, S. High-dose vitamin E supplementation does not diminish ribavirin-associated haemolysis in hepatitis C treatment with combination standard alpha-interferon and ribavirin. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 11-15-2004;20(10):1189-1193. View abstract.

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Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R., Penttila, I., Herranen, J., Jauhiainen, M., Kantola, M., Lappetelainen, R., Maenpaa, P. H., Alfthan, G., and Puska, P. Serum fatty acids, apolipoproteins, selenium and vitamin antioxidants and the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Am.J Cardiol. 8-1-1985;56(4):226-231. View abstract.

Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R., Seppanen, K., Kantola, M., Parviainen, M., Alfthan, G., Maenpaa, P. H., Taskinen, E., and Rauramaa, R. Relationship of serum selenium and antioxidants to plasma lipoproteins, platelet aggregability and prevalent ischaemic heart disease in Eastern Finnish men. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):155-160. View abstract.

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Sesso, H. D., Buring, J. E., Christen, W. G., Kurth, T., Belanger, C., MacFadyen, J., Bubes, V., Manson, J. E., Glynn, R. J., and Gaziano, J. M. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 11-12-2008;300(18):2123-2133. View abstract.

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Shyangdan, D., Clar, C., Ghouri, N., Henderson, R., Gurung, T., Preiss, D., Sattar, N., Fraser, A., and Waugh, N. Insulin sensitisers in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Health Technol.Assess. 2011;15(38):1-110. View abstract.

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Smits-Engelsman, B. C., Blank, R., van der Kaay, A. C., Mosterd-van der Meijs, R., Vlugt-van den Brand, E., Polatajko, H. J., and Wilson, P. H. Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2013;55(3):229-237. View abstract.

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© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.

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VITAMIN E - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Overview

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Effective for

Possibly Effective for

Possibly Ineffective for

Likely InEffective for

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

Interactions ?

Moderate Interaction

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with VITAMIN E

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with VITAMIN E

Medications for cancer (Chemotherapy) interacts with VITAMIN E

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with VITAMIN E

Niacin interacts with VITAMIN E

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with VITAMIN E

Antibiotics for Cancer (Antitumor Antibiotics) interacts with VITAMIN E

Selumetinib (Koselugo) interacts with VITAMIN E

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